This article examines the dynamics of the method local integration of ex-East Timorese residents in the refugee settlement area of Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province.The author uses the Functional Theory by Talcott Parsons and the Local Integration concept by UNHCR as set out in Refugee Convention 1951. While related to research method, the author uses qualitative methods with descriptive approaches and secondary data. The results showed that the implementation of local integration of ex-East Timorese was not as expected. This is due to obstacles in every level of the local integration process, both related to legality, economy and socio-culture. Social harmony between local residents and ex-refugees isn’t always become the commitment of the central and regional governments, but requires the role of the informal sector, especially local communities at refugee settlement areas. The process of local integration that is not going well can lead to social conflict in the community.
Australia merupakan salah satu negara yang menandatangani Konvensi Pengungsi Tahun 1951 sehingga mewajibkan Australia menerapkan prinsip Non-Refoulement dan mengharuskan Australia bersikap simpati dan membuka wilayahnya untuk pengungsi dan pencari suaka dari negara lain. Tulisan ini membahas perkembangan kebijakan politik luar negeri Australia yang semakin sensitif terkait penanganan pengungsi dan pencari suaka. Kebijakan yang menerapkan prinsip Non-Refoulement kemudian berkembang menjadi kebijakan sekuritisasi migrasi. Dilema kebijakan ini terkait karakteristik pemimpin nasional serta orientasi ideologis yang dianutnya. Pada umumnya Pendana Menteri dari Partai Buruh lebih progresif terhadap para pengungsi dan pencari suaka, dibandingkan kebijakan Perdana Menteri dari Partai Liberal yang konservatif. Australia juga sangat memperhitungkan dinamika lingkungan eksternal khususnya yang berkaitan dengan situasi keamanan regional di Asia Tenggara. Kebijakan Australia yang dianggap bertentangan dengan prinsip Non-Refoulement menuai banyak kritik dari dunia internasional.
Australia as one of the countries that signed the Convention of Refugee 1951 has an obligation to apply principle of non-refoulement in the handling of refugees and asylum seekers entering its territory. However, the issue of national security and domestic turmoil caused Australia to continue use restrictive policies in dealing with refugees and asylum seekers, especially those who came by the sea (boat people) and did not have official documents. They are called Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA). Giving the term “illegal” causes no distinction between IMA and smuggling/trafficking criminals. This paper aims to explain the existence of dilemma in the management of refugees especially in Australia in handling IMA. This research uses qualitative methods with secondary data sources from books, journals, articles and other sources related to the problem being studied. By using the concept of securitization approach in the paradigm of constructivism, this paper argue that the restrictive policies adopted by Australia as a form of protection of national interests. Australia experiences a dilemma in applying the principle of non-refoulement and protecting its national interests. This is challenge in the management of global refugees.
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