Background: For upper gastrointestinal tract disorders endoscopic biopsy is common procedure performed in the hospital for a variety of benign and malignant lesions. Endoscopy is incomplete without biopsy and histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of endoscopically detected lesions. Methods: A prospective study was carried out at a private histopathology diagnostic center at Chittagong from October 2012 to September 2013. All the upper GIT endoscopic biopsy samples received during the period were included in the study. The endoscopy was done by a skilled endoscopist and his detail endoscopic findings were noted. After conventional tissue processing H&E stained slides are examined under light microscope by three competent histopathologists. Results: Among total 110 upper GIT endoscopic biopsy samples 22 (20%) were oesophageal, 73 (66.36%) gastric and 15 (13.64%) duodenal biopsies. Among oesophageal biopsies 18 (81.82%) were histologically neoplastic of which 13 (81.25%) were SCC and 03 (18.75%) adenocarcinoma. Rest 02 (9.09%) were leiomyoma. Among all the oesophageal carcinomas, 10 (62.5%) were provisionally diagnosed as carcinoma by endoscopists. Among 73 endoscopic biopsies from stomach, the mean age was 54.63 yrs. On histopathology among 73 patients, adenocarcinoma-33 (45.20%), gastric ulcer-11 (15.07%), gastritis-15 (20.55%) and hyperplastic polyp-14 (19.18%). Among 33 adenocarcinoma of stomach 23 (69.69%) were clinically diagnosed or suspected as carcinoma by the endoscopist. Among 15 duodenal biopsies 11 (73.33%) were diagnosed histologically as hyperplastic polyp, 02 (13.33%) as adenocarcinoma, 02 (13.33%) as ulcer. Among 110 UGIT biopsies total 51 (46.36%) were malignant. Mean age 59.49 yrs ranges from 22 Yrs to 82 Yrs. M:F ratio is 1.4:1. Among all 33 (64.7%) were gastric carcinoma, 16 (31.37%) oesophageal carcinoma and 02 (3.92%) duodenal carcinoma. Among 51, 35 (68.63%) were clinically diagnosed or suspected as carcinoma by endoscopist. No clinical information was available in 03 (5.88%) cases and rest 13 (25.49%) cases were clinically diagnosed as non neoplastic conditions by the endoscopist. Conclusion: Endoscopy followed by histopathological examination play important role for diagnosis and management of UGIT lesions.

Incidence of gastric carcinoma as well as other gastric malignancies is increasing day by day in the whole world as well as in Bangladesh. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in this country is an important contributing factor in this increasing trend of gastric malignancies. A study was carried out at the Department of Histopathology, Delta Hospital Limited, Dhaka to find out patterns of gastric malignancies in Bangladesh. All endoscopic gastric biopsy received during the stipulated period from January to December 2007, irrespective of age, sex and clinical suspicion, samples were included in the study. During the period total 1543 gastric biopsy samples were received, which were 7.95% of all the received (19410) samples. The endoscopic gastric biopsy samples were received from almost all the geographic locations of Bangladesh. Among those 5 (0.3%) samples were discarded from the study due to superficial inadequate biopsy. Out of 1538 cases 636 (41.35%) cases were malignant neoplasm of stomach, 493 (32.05%) were chronic active gastritis, 150 (9.75%) were chronic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, 208 (13.52%) were chronic peptic ulcer, 48 (3.12%) were gastric polyp and 11 (0.72%) others. Among 636 gastric malignancies 625 (98.27%) were gastric adenocarcinoma and 11 (1.73%) were non Hodgkin's lymphoma. Most 357 (57.12%) of the gastric adenocarcinomas were poorly differentiated, 80 (12.8%) were well differentiated and 84 (13.44%) were moderately differentiated. Out of 625 cases, 104 (16.64%) cases were mucin secreting adenocarcinoma. Out of 11 Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases 10 were male and 01 was female. For adenocarcinoma male and female ratio was 2.36:1. Among the gastric carcinoma group the youngest person affected was of 16 year and the oldest person was of 100 year with the mean age 43.14 year. Among the Non Hodgkin's lymphoma group the mean age was 45 year with the range from 22 year to 65 year. Among the gastric malignancies, 275 (44%) cases were from Chittagong division, 188 (30.08%) from Dhaka division, 108 (17.28%) from Rajshahi division, 58 (9.28%) from Khulna division and others from Sylhet and Barisal division. It reflects very high incidence of gastric malignancies in comparison to other pathological changes in gastric endoscopic biopsy. It also reflects that between 16 year to 100 year no age is immune to the disease.

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Background: Diseases involving thyroid gland are myriad-they span from functional to goiterous which again can be non-neoplastic or neoplastic. The pattern and prevalence of these disorders depend on various factors like age, sex, ethnicity and geographic location of residence. The aim of the present study was to determine the pattern of thyroid lesions in surgically resected thyroid specimens.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Department of Histopathology of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Dhaka, Bangladesh. All thyroidectomy specimens received in the Department of Histopathology over the period from 1 st January 2018 to 30 th June 2019 were included in the study. Data including age, sex and histopathological diagnosis were collected from the records and histopathology slides of all cases were reviewed to verify diagnosis. Data were then analyzed by standard statistical methods. Results:A total of 377 specimens were collected, 301 specimens were from females and 76 from males (female to male ratio 4.01:1). The age ranged from 13 years to 82 years (mean 38.44±12.89 years). Nodular goiter (274, 72.62%) was the commonest thyroid lesion; other benign lesions included follicular adenoma (18) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (17). Overall malignancy was 18.03% (68). Papillary carcinoma (61, 89.70%) constituted majority of the malignant neoplasms. Other malignant neoplasms included follicular carcinoma (3 cases including 1 case of Hurthle cell carcinoma), anaplastic carcinoma (2) and medullary carcinoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma 1 each. Conclusion:Our study revealed that the prevalent form of thyroid diseases is nodular goiter that mostly affects females. Papillary carcinoma is the commonest malignancy of thyroid gland which also predominantly affects females.

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is now a days the initial investigation in most cases of superficial lymphadenopathy. In clinical practice both clinicians and cytopathologists are not commonly suspecting of Toxoplasma lymphadenitis (TL), though it may constitute a significant proportion of unexplained lymphadenitis. Careful cognizance of cytological findings can give valuable clue to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis which can be confirmed by serological evidence.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Histopathology of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Bangladesh from 01 July 2017 to 31 March 2018. FNAC smears of the patients with lymphadenopathy who reported for FNAC were examined and suspicion of toxoplasmosis was made on coexistence of abundance of ‘tingible body macrophages’ (TBM) and follicular center cells (FCC), small collections of epithelioid histiocytes and absence of necrosis and/or more than occasional giant cells. Serum enzyme linked immunosorbent sorbent assay (ELISA) for Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibody was then performed in all cases that deemed suspicious for toxoplasmosis for confirmation of the diagnosis.Results: Total 925 patients were examined by FNAC of lymph node. Among them 574 were categorized as reactive hyperplasia (RH). Thirty two patients (5.74%) of RH were suspected as TL and included in the study. Serum ELISA confirmed toxoplasmosis in 22 (68.75%, twelve male and ten female) of these 32 cases. One among the positive cases revealed bradyzoites of Toxoplasma in the smear. The age of the patients diagnosed finally as TL spanned between 5 to 47 years (mean 28.59±11.51 years) though most frequent age group was 26 Yr to 35 Yr (7 cases- 31.8%).Conclusion: A high index of suspicion of TL can be made on careful study of smears of FNAC of enlarged lymph node, diagnosis of which can then be confirmed by ELISA.Birdem Med J 2018; 8(2): 103-107

Introduction: Forensic Pathologists are often performing autopsies in death investigation. There are five legally-defined manners of death namely natural deaths, accidental deaths, homicidal deaths, suicidal deaths and undetermined deaths. Natural deaths are those that occur from natural causes such as disease or old age rather than from violence or an accident. Objectives: To determine the socio-demographic profile of postmortem cases and to evaluate information regarding manners of deaths as determined by those cases. Methods: This record based cross-sectional study of postmortems performed at the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine; Dhaka Medical College (DMC) was conducted during the period of January 2006 to December 2006. Most of the victims were brought to DMC morgue from south-eastern part of Dhaka district. A total of 3012 autopsies were analyzed during the period. Morgue caters 18 police stations under Dhaka city. Data were collected using a pre-designed schedule from Post mortem registers and reports. All the data were collected in a predefined data collection sheet and necessary statistical analyses were performed by using the computer software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) for window 17.0 and were expressed in frequency and percentage. 19 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Results: A total of 3012 postmortems were studied. Of them 1640 (54.45%) cases were of accidents, 722 (23.97%) cases were of suicide, 542 (17.99%) cases were of homicide, 84 (2.79%) cases were of undetermined and 24 (0.80%) cases were of natural deaths. Most of the postmortem cases were in the age group of 20-40 (54.71%) years, which is the most productive period in life cycle followed by 24.90%, 15.50% and 4.89% in the age group of 0-20 years, 41-60 years and 60 years respectively. Of them 2258 (74.97%) were male and rest 754 (25.03%) cases were female. Conclusion: Accidents, mainly Road Traffic Accident (RTA) and railway accidents, comprise a major manner of death which reduces the most productive period in the life cycle causing serious effects in socio-economic development of the country. RTA can be prevented by specific preventive measures and also by taking personal precautions. Suicide is the second commonest manner of unnatural death flanked by accident and homicide. It is not feasible to draw a concrete conclusion. Homicide is a relatively rare offence than accidents or suicides but it is one of the most notifiable crimes in the country as they are widely publicised by the media due to their severity and visibility. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21820 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

Introduction: One element of reproductive health that directly concerns human well being is reproductive tract infections (RTI). The magnitude of the problem of RTIs is a growing public health concern in developing countries like Bangladesh. Aim: A study was carried out in the out patient department of a busy urban clinic with an attempt to study the Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) . Materials and Methods: A descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Gynaecology OPD of an urban clinic at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh during the period from July 2007 to December 2007. The study population includes the women of reproductive age group (15-49 years). Among 1061 reported women 176 respondents were selected for the study with a systematic purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from prescription sheets of the concerned gynecologist, laboratory investigation reports and questionnaires used for interview. Although the study was in a limited scale and the findings of it will not only serve as a guideline for taking preventive measures, but can be used as a basis for future research and planning.

.50 and 27.50 days respectively. All the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). MB/BacT system showed less contamination rate, 05 cases (3.62%) in contrast to the 07 cases (5.07%) for L-J method. This difference also reached statistically significant (p<0.05). The MB/BacT system thus found to be superior method of choice especially for handling large number of specimens.