An experiment was conducted to access the effect of methyl cellulose nanoemulsion seed coating in soybean (JS-93-05) against heat stress. The nanoemulsion was prepared by using methyl cellulose, vitamin E and tween 80 (in the form of oil in water) with the help of high energy homogenizer. The properties of nanoemulsion were characterised by using Particle size analyzer. (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Soybean seeds e coated with nanoemulsion @ 20ml/kg and kept in plant growth chamber where the temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 40 0 C and 50% for a duration of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 days and simultaneously seed quality was determined. The results demonstrate that nanoemulsion coated seeds recorded higher rate of germination, speed of emergence, seedling length, vigour index and root volume compared to uncoated seeds under high temperature stress condition.
Antibiotics are natural or synthetic substances that inhibit the growth of infectious microorganisms and prevent from them, causing serious infections. Though the discovery of penicillin was claimed to be accidental, later on, systematic procedures for antibiotic discovery was introduced by Waksman through his streptomycin discovery. Adopting Waksman's platform, many researchers are exploring natural sources in search of antibiotics. On the other hand, the development of resistance to antibiotics is growing at a rate faster than the discovery of new antibiotics. While a number of semi synthetic and synthetic compounds with antimicrobial properties are emerging to combat the above problem, the microorganisms are in no way working inferior to resist the actions of such substances. In fact, the development of resistance by microorganisms to above said alternatives are observed at an even faster rate than the natural antimicrobial compounds obtained from microbes. The reason behind such a faster resistance development is due to the similar structural features of semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds to natural antibiotics from microbes. The treatment of infectious diseases becomes a big task and requires a greater concern nowadays to avoid increased rates of mortality. This is an alarming condition demanding for the discovery and development of new antimicrobial compounds that would end up as a better solution for the existing problem and avoid the development of resistance. This review presents the background of antibiotics discovery and resistance development and also provides an insight into the available strategies to combat the problem.
Halophiles are microorganisms living in conditions with increased levels of Sodium chloride. The members of halophiles belong to the categories of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Since they live in a stressful environment their products possess more stability and activity compared to those obtained from inhabitants of normal environment. They are recently explored for a number of industrially important products like compatible solutes, enzymes, biopolymers, nutraceuticals, halocin and other important proteins. They have also found application in processes like biodegradation and bioremediation. Halocins include a number of antimicrobial substances obtained from halophiles. These are peptide or protein antibiotics that have either narrow or broad spectrum of activity against other microorganisms. Since the available antibiotics are failing due to resistance developed by infectious microorganisms, finding out new antibiotics from an unexplored or least explored environment is the best possible solution available. Hence halocins could be a useful target to explore further in this regard. This review presents a summary of information about the halophiles, industrially relevant products explored from halophiles and also depicts the future prospects in exploring halophiles for halocin production.
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