Chitosan was modified by maleic anhydride, and it was then functionalized using heterogeneous and blending method to obtain the membrane.

Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) has higher solubility and lower viscosity allowing for a wider pharmaceutical application compared to high molecular weight chitosan. LMWC chitosan can be obtained through a chitosan depolymerization process. This research aimed to produce LWMC using the combination of formic acid and ultrasonication method with the optimal condition of the depolymerization process. The chitosan depolymerization method was performed by combining formic acid and ultrasonication. The optimum conditions of the depolymerization process were obtained using the Box–Behnken design. The LMWC obtained from depolymerization was characterized to identify its yield, degree of deacetylation, the molecular weight, structure, morphology, thermal behavior, and crystallinity index. Results: The characterization results of LWMC obtained from the depolymerization process using the optimum conditions showed that the yield was 89.398%; the degree of deacetylation was 98.076%; the molecular weight was 32.814 kDa; there was no change in the chemical structure, LWMC had disorganized shape, there was no change in the thermal behavior, and LWMC had a more amorphous shape compared to native chitosan. Conclusion: The production of LWMC involving depolymerization in the presence of weak acid and ultrasonication can be developed by using the optimal condition of the depolymerization process.

ABSTRAKSifat mekanik merupakan salah satu karakter yang penting dalam pengembangan material polimer fungsional seperti membran elektrolit yang berpotensi untuk penghantar litium. Dalam penelitian yang telah dilakukan, membran elektrolit disintesis dengan bahan dasar kitosan suksinat dan kitosan, serta litium. Membran dipreparasi melalui metode inversi fasa dengan variasi komposisi fraksi massa kitosan suksinat dan kitosan. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji sifat mekanik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan fraksi massa kitosan suksinat sampai dengan 60 % (b/b) cenderung meningkatkan kekuatan tarik dan perpanjangan, serta menurunkan Modulus Young. Pada fraksi massa kitosan suksinat 70 % sampai dengan 80 % (b/b), kekuatan tarik dan perpanjangan cenderung menurun, serta Modulus Young meningkat. Nilai maksimum kekuatan tarik, perpanjangan, dan Modulus Young masing-masing adalah 0,18 MPa, 112 %, dan 14,31 MPa. Berdasarkan hasil analisis sifat mekaniknya, membran paduan kitosan suksinat-kitosan terinsersi litium memiliki stabilitas mekanik yang cukup baik. ABSTRACTMechanical properties is one of the important character in the development of functional materials such as polymer electrolyte membrane that potential for lithium conductor. In this research, electrolyte membrane based on chitosan succinate and chitosan, as well as lithium was synthesized. The membranes were prepared by phase inversion method with a variation of the composition of the mass fraction of chitosan succinate and chitosan, then testing in the mechanical properties. Results of study showed that the increase in mass fraction of chitosan succinate up to 60 % (w/ w) tends to increase the tensile strength and elongation, and decrease the Young's modulus. At the mass fraction of chitosan succinate 70 % to 80 % (w/w), tensile strength and elongation tend to decrease, and the Young's modulus increases. The maximum value of tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus of each is 0.18 MPa, 112 %, and 14.31 MPa. Based on the results of mechanical properties analysis, polyblend membrane of chitosan succinate-chitosan obtained by insertion lithium has a good mechanical stability.

The research of the diversity of pollinator insects species in Cocoa plantations in Puudongi village, Kolono region, South  Konawe district, Southeast Sulawesi was conducted in 2016. Ssample collecting was conducted by using yellow pan traps, light traps, adhesive trap and sweep net. Insects diversity was analyzed by using Shannon-Wienner formula. Data presented in tables and graphics. The results showed that the insect pollinator species  consist of 9 species in 7 families. Insects pollinators family are Formicidae, Colydiidae, Syrphidae, Colletidae, Vespidae, Tenthredinidae, and Curculionidae. while those identified to the species level is Anoplolepsis sp., Iridomyrmex sp. and Oechopila smaraghdina. Value insect pollinator diversity found among the sites that H '= 1.96 which indicates that the level of diversity of insect pollinators on plantations Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Puudongi village, Kolono region, district East Konawe, South East Sulawesi in the medium category.Keywords: Biodiversity, Insect Pollinators, Cacao Plantation.AbstrakPenelitian tentang keanekaragaman serangga polinator di perkebunan kakao di Desa Puudongi Kecamatana Kolono, Kabupatan Konawe Selatan telah dilakukan pada tahun 2016. Sample dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan yellow pan trap, light trap, adhesive trap dan sweep net. Nilai keanekaragaman dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus Shanon-Wienner. Data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 9 spesies serangga polinator dari 7 famili yaitu famili Formicidae, Colydiidae, Syrphidae, Colletidae, Vespidae, Tenthredinidae, Curculionidae, sedangkan yang teridentifikasi sampai pada tingkat spesies yaitu Anoplolepsis sp., Iridomyrmex sp. dan Oechopila smaraghdina. Nilai keanekaragaman serangga polinator yang ditemukan pada lokasi penelitian yaitu H'= 1,96 yang menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keanekaragaman serangga pollinator pada perkebunan Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) di Desa Puudongi Kecamatan Kolono, Kabupatan Konawe Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara berada dalam kategori sedang.Kata Kunci : Keanekaragaman, Serangga Polinator, Perkebunan Kakao.