According to data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2018, there were 37 cases of Elephantiasis in Yogyakarta, even though Yogyakarta is not an endemic area of filariasis. This preliminary study was carried out to evaluate the diversity of species, relative abundance, frequency and dominance of mosquitoes in Yogyakarta and to determine the role of mosquitoes as a vector of filariasis. A cross-sectional study was used involving 3 hamlets with elephantiasis cases found in April 2019 in Yogyakarta. Mosquitoes around the house inhabited by the patient with elephantiasis were collected for 12 hours starting from 6:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. Mosquitoes were dissected under a dissection microscope and the presence of filaria larvae was observed. A total of 9 mosquitoes species were found. They were Culex vishnui, Culex tritaenorhynchus, Armigeres kesseli, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex bitaenorhynchus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles subpictus, Aedes aegypti. The highest diversity, frequency, and dominance was Culex vishnui, while the lowest was Culex quinquefasciatus. There was no filarial larva found during the study.
Filariasis is a communicable disease caused by nematode worms and transmitted by mosquitoes. It causes permanent elephantiasis which decreases productivity and carries a stigma. Filariasis becomes one of the health problems in Indonesia. The filariasis elimination program through preventive mass drug administration has been carried out for 5 years, but transmission remains. The distribution, ecology, and biology of vector mosquitoes as well as their potential to spread filariasis vary widely. Therefore, it is important to identify the entomological aspects of vectors in the distribution of filariasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of mosquitoes, which have the potential to become vectors of filariasis transmission in endemic areas. The research was conducted in two villages in Demak Regency, Central Java Province, in April 2019 through the Human Landing Collection method for 12 hours, starting from 18.00 until 06.00. Mosquitoes were dissected under dissection microscope, and the presence of filarial larvae was observed. Six mosquito species were obtained, namely Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. sitiens, Ae. Aegypti, and Man. Indiana. The highest density was found in Cx. quinquefasciatus. The man hour density (MHD) of Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged 3,000-8,667 mosquitoes/person/hour. There were no filarial larvae found in this study.
Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is known as a benign pattern of malaria. In recent years, Plasmodium vivax can also cause severe malaria infection that contributes to various manifestations in human organs. Cardiac complications associated with P. vivax malaria are rarely seen, but have recently been reported. This review aimed to identify the cardiac complication related to P. vivax malaria. Articles about cardiovascular manifestation in P. vivax malaria were collected from databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed. Relevant articles about P. vivax malaria and other severe malaria were included. Cardiac complication has occurred in malaria due to single P. vivax infection as seen in P. falciparum infection. There are only limited articles of cardiac involvement in P. vivax malaria and most of them are case reports. Myocarditis is the most common cardiovascular complication associated with severe P. vivax malaria. The key symptom that indicates a vivax malaria patient with cardiac complication is chest pain or chest discomfort especially in the substernal area. Some manifestations of cardiac related to P. vivax malaria are ventricle dilatation, decrease left ventricular ejection, hypokinesis of myocardium, change in cardiac enzyme, and ECG alterations. These clinical symptoms are emerging in young children and adult patients. Reported cases are the most typical in vivax endemic regions. The subclinical cardiovascular alteration also presents in patients with non-severe P. vivax malaria. Our review identifies a potential link between P. vivax single-infection and cardiovascular manifestations. It is essential to consider the possibility of cardiac complication in P. vivax malaria with a worsening condition. Further and more extensive studies of cardiac involvement in P. vivax malaria are required, especially in endemic areas.
Prevalensi penyakit Askariasisdi Indonesia masih cukup tinggi, terutama pada anak-anak.Penyakit ini juga memiliki dampak merugikan, sehingga diperlukan usaha untuk mengatasi infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides. Penggunaan obat cacing di masyarakat masih belum optimal, sehingga perlu adanya alternatif pengobatan lain untuk penyakit ini. Bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) mengandung saponin dan flavonoid yang diduga memiliki efek antihelmintik. Mengetahui daya antihelmintik ekstrak etanol 70% bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) terhadap cacing Ascaridia galli In vitro.Penelitian merupakan eksperimental laboratoris.Ekstrak etanol 70% bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) terdiri atas 4 konsentrasi 100%, 50%, 25% dan 12,5% dengan empat kali replikasi. Padasetiap kelompok perlakuan dimasukkan 10 ekor cacing yang diamati kematiannya setiap 1 jam sampai batas maksimal. Data dianalisis menggunakan One Way Anova, dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis probit dilakukan untuk mengetahui LC50, LC90, LT50 dan LT90. Rerata waktu kematian cacing pada konsentrasi 100%, 50%, 25% dan12,5% serta kelompok kontrol menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna p=0,000 (p<0,05) dengan LC50 sebesar 26,852% dan LC90 sebesar 65,85%. Pada konsentrasi 100% ekstrak etanol 70% bawang putih (Allium sativum) nilai LT50 adalah 3,207 jam dan nilai LT90 adalah 5,481 jam. Ekstrak etanol 70% bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) memiliki efek antihelmintik terhadap cacing Ascaridia galli in vitro.Kata Kunci : Antihelmintik, Bawang putih (Allium sativum), Ascaridia galli, in vitro
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