Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is known as a benign pattern of malaria. In recent years, Plasmodium vivax can also cause severe malaria infection that contributes to various manifestations in human organs. Cardiac complications associated with P. vivax malaria are rarely seen, but have recently been reported. This review aimed to identify the cardiac complication related to P. vivax malaria. Articles about cardiovascular manifestation in P. vivax malaria were collected from databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed. Relevant articles about P. vivax malaria and other severe malaria were included. Cardiac complication has occurred in malaria due to single P. vivax infection as seen in P. falciparum infection. There are only limited articles of cardiac involvement in P. vivax malaria and most of them are case reports. Myocarditis is the most common cardiovascular complication associated with severe P. vivax malaria. The key symptom that indicates a vivax malaria patient with cardiac complication is chest pain or chest discomfort especially in the substernal area. Some manifestations of cardiac related to P. vivax malaria are ventricle dilatation, decrease left ventricular ejection, hypokinesis of myocardium, change in cardiac enzyme, and ECG alterations. These clinical symptoms are emerging in young children and adult patients. Reported cases are the most typical in vivax endemic regions. The subclinical cardiovascular alteration also presents in patients with non-severe P. vivax malaria. Our review identifies a potential link between P. vivax single-infection and cardiovascular manifestations. It is essential to consider the possibility of cardiac complication in P. vivax malaria with a worsening condition. Further and more extensive studies of cardiac involvement in P. vivax malaria are required, especially in endemic areas.
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue fever that most commonly occurred in Indonesia. The application of botanical insecticides is being developed as an alternative vector control. Botanical components have been reported as the potential alternative to inhibit the process of oviposition and fecundity suppression. This study aims to determine the oviposition deterrent activity and ovicidal effects of ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves against Aedes aegypti. Oviposition deterrent assay was conducted on twenty bloodfed females in a cage (40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm). One treated oviposition trap and one control oviposition trap were placed in the opposite corner of the cage. Four replicates were performed for each concentration. The eggs were counted and analyzed after 72 hours of trial. Ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves have antioviposition effect on female mosquitoes Aedes aegypti at 400 ppm (effective repellency / ER = 56.38%; oviposition active index/OAI = -0.39) and 500 ppm (ER = 66.4%; OAI = -0.49). In the ovicidal assay, twentyfive eggs are used for determination ovicidal effect and five replicates were performed for each concentration. The hatched larvae were collected and counted daily. The ethanolic extract of Pometia pinnata leaves at 0.05%, 0,1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25% concentration have ovicidal activity of 11%, 28%, 87%, 94%, and 98% against Aedes aegypti eggs, respectively. This study revealed that the ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves could be a potential alternative in controlling the dengue vector.
The prevalence of helminthiasis on primary school children in Indonesia is high, around 40-60%. This study aims to assess the impact of treatment and predictors of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections at 3 months after treatment. Population of this study was students of a primary school in Kokap (Sekolah Dasar Negeri/SDN Gunung Agung), Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, determined based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (n = 65). Stool samples examined using Kato Katz method. Students infected with STH were given appropriate treatment and stool samples were collected again to determine cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR) at 2 week post-treatment and at 3 months post-treatment to determine incidence of re-infection, new infection or failed treatment. Information on personal hygiene and sanitation were collected by interview with students of SDN Gunung Agung. Treatment with pyrantel pamoat was effective against hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides with CR of 100% and ERR of 100% while treatment with albendazol was ineffective against Trichuris trichiura (CR = 12.8%, ERR = 62.4%) though the Wilcoxon test for T. trichiura showed a significant reduction egg count (epg) before and 2 week after treatment (p<0.05). The overall infection rate at 3 months after treatment was 35.4% with cases of re-infection, new infection and untreated cases. This result was not significantly different with infection rate before treatment (p>0.05). The existence of double infection before treatment showed p value <0.05 (OR = 2) with the prevalence of STH infections 3 months after treatment. Bivariate analysis between personal hygiene and environmental sanitation with the prevalence of STH infections 3 months after treatment was obtained p value >0.05. Presence of re-infection, new infection and untreated cases confirms that an integrated approach is necessary to control STH infection in Kokap,
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