Culex quinquefasciatus With the Highest MHD as a Potential Filariasis Vector in Demak, Central Java, Indonesia, a Filariasis Endemic Area

Abstract

Filariasis is a communicable disease caused by nematode worms and transmitted by mosquitoes. It causes permanent elephantiasis which decreases productivity and carries a stigma. Filariasis becomes one of the health problems in Indonesia. The filariasis elimination program through preventive mass drug administration has been carried out for 5 years, but transmission remains. The distribution, ecology, and biology of vector mosquitoes as well as their potential to spread filariasis vary widely. Therefore, it is important to identify the entomological aspects of vectors in the distribution of filariasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of mosquitoes, which have the potential to become vectors of filariasis transmission in endemic areas. The research was conducted in two villages in Demak Regency, Central Java Province, in April 2019 through the Human Landing Collection method for 12 hours, starting from 18.00 until 06.00. Mosquitoes were dissected under dissection microscope, and the presence of filarial larvae was observed. Six mosquito species were obtained, namely Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. sitiens, Ae. Aegypti, and Man. Indiana. The highest density was found in Cx. quinquefasciatus. The man hour density (MHD) of Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged 3,000-8,667 mosquitoes/person/hour. There were no filarial larvae found in this study.

Diversity, domination and behavior of mosquitoes in filariasis endemic area of Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia

“…MHD is the number of mosquitoes that bite people per hour at a specific time of the day. MHD is determined by the number of mosquitoes that land on a feeder's limb and are successfully captured, divided by the number of catchers multiplied by the capture time in hours (Istianah et al 2021). MHD is based on the equation as follows:…”

“…This disease is still a global health problem and the second leading cause of disability in the world (WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia 2010) and was one of the diseases that WHO must eliminate by 2020, which was later revised to 2030 (Chu et al 2010;Hooper et al 2014;Chandrasena et al 2018;Prada et al 2021). This disease is one of the neglected diseases that can cause physical disability, stigma, poor psychosocial and loss of work and earnings (Abdulmalik et al 2018;van 't Noordende et al 2020;Ali et al 2021;Istianah et al 2021). Lymphatic is characterized by the discovery of adult filaria worms living in the lymphatic system (Chandy et al 2011).…”

Diversity of disease-carrying mosquito vectors in potential areas of dengue fever in Palembang City, South Sumatra, Indonesia

“…can act as a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold, 1877), Brugia malayi, and B. timori, the pathogen of lymphatic filariasis in Indonesia. This disease is a global health problem and a cause of physical disability, stigma and poor psychosocial (Abdulmalik et al 2018;Van't Noordende et al 2020;Ali et al 2021;Istianah et al 2021).…”