One of the prevalence of digital technology in academic writing, particularly in literature reviews, is the use of paraphrasing tools. However, there is a lack of research focusing on overcoming students' paraphrasing difficulties in writing. Using the notion of Schuemann, C., , this paper explores students' difficulties with paraphrasing and the use of online paraphrasing tools. A descriptive qualitative approach was used to collect data from 30 students enrolled in the Magister's of English Language Education (MELE) study program. Students' responses to two types of questionnaires were used as data sources. The study found that 83 % of the paraphrasing tools were used to rewrite the source text. Then, the most difficulties in terms of content, structure, language, and paraphrase strategy are paraphrasing itself, using correct grammar and appropriate vocabulary, and redundant/unvariative words. Furthermore, online paraphrasing tools mainly assist students in using the appropriate parts of speech (3.88) and in selecting appropriate vocabulary (3.79). It can then rewrite the source text using the same idea but a different writing style (3.75), correct grammar (3.67), the appropriate synonym to paraphrase (3.67), and changing the active sentence to the passive voice and vice versa (3.54). It can also change the source text's sentence structure (3.46), use proper tenses in literature reviews (3.38), and use proper discourse markers (3.33). Finally, students of the MELE study program can change the source text. Despite the numerous advantages of online paraphrasing tools, students are unable to read or comprehend text, which is the first step in the paraphrasing process.
The incorporation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the educational field has been widely implemented as 21st century skill. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is one of the global standard languages required for global standard. However, in Indonesian context, there is lack of syllabuses incorporating CEFR bands and ICT-competences. This study explores the CEFR levels and ICT-competences incorporating in grammar syllabuses of ELESP in Indonesian universities. A content analysis method is used. Fifteen syllabuses of the grammar of the ELESP from 8 universities in Indonesia were selected purposely based on the proportion of private and public universities. All the grammar syllabuses are identified as Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced grammar. The findings revealed that: basic grammar, the CEFR level was A1-B1, intermediate grammar, the CEFR level was A1-B2, while the advanced grammar showed that CEFR level was B2-C2. In addition, the ICT-competences in entire syllabuses showed insufficient utilization which dominated Knowledge Acquisition and less intended for Knowledge Deepening and Knowledge Creation. These findings contribute as a reference to adjust and re-align the existing syllabuses to be in line with the CEFR bands framework and enriched with ICT-competencies.
Background: Machine translation has been proved to be a favourable style to execute. However, some research evidence difficulties indicates that its focus is on students' difficulties in academic writing, not on how to overcome them by using machine translation. As a result, this research aims to determine how machine translation might be optimized to help mechanical engineering vocational education students with academic writing difficulties. Methodology: The data was collected from 27 second-semester mechanical engineering vocational education students currently enrolled in an English college course at one of the Universities in Jakarta. Questionnaires online were used to obtain the data, which was analyzed and interpreted descriptively. Questionnaire 1 is used to determine whether or not the subject utilized machine translation and, if so, what type of machine translation they used most frequently. Question 2 was split into two sections. PART A was modified from Xiao & Chen (2015), who described students' challenges with academic writing. It comprises 12 items that were delivered to 27 students via Google Form. Meanwhile, the findings of Lee (2020) have been adapted into PART B. Findings: The result of this study revealed that 27 students of mechanical engineering vocational education in one of the Universities in Jakarta encountered several academic writing difficulties such as grammar (construct grammatically correct sentences, the use of appropriate tenses), expressions (discourse markers, part of speech), and vocabulary (proper vocabulary choices and finding synonyms). Grammar problems are the most challenging, followed by vocabulary and phrases. The optimization of machine translation was also discovered to be the most effective way of overcoming vocabulary issues followed by grammar and expression. Conclusion: Academic writing issues emerge in the classroom. According to the findings, the most difficulties students encountered fell into the grammar aspect. On the other hand, the students considered that machine translation would be the most helpful in overcoming their vocabulary challenges. Although machine translation helps deal with academic writing difficulties like developing vocabulary skills, increasing knowledge of grammar rules in context, and finding more authentic expression, teachers should also guide them in writing academically. Keywords: optimizing machine translation; academic writing difficulties; grammar; vocabulary; expressions.
Cultural literacy is a competence which contributes to habit, learning, attitude, communication and value. Relating to the term, this study aimed at investigating cultural literacy in lesson plan of primary school in grades of IV up to VI. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. This analysis focuses on cultural literacy that contributes in lesson plan. The data of this study is the words, phrases, clauses or pictures related to the cultural literacy competences in lesson plan. The results of this study uncover cultural aspects of learning, attitude, and value which are presented in lesson plan of grades IV up to VI. The cultural aspects are presented in Kompetensi Dasar, Indikator Pencapaian Kompetensi, Tujuan Pembelajaran, and Metode Pembelajaran. In details, the clauses which involves of cultural literacy aspects are intended to stating interests to another cultural identity by using the correct expressions of gratitude, compliment, introducing self, making a good manner to do, asking and giving some things, apologizing or etc. On the whole, cultural literacy competences are addressed in lesson plan for primary school. Keywords: Cultural Literacy, Lesson Plan, Primary School
ICT implementation has been broadly used in all sectors of human‘s life including education. One of the ICT implementations in education is integrating ICT into curriculum, syllabus or course outline. Meanwhile, speaking has become a skill that utmost significance to acquire. Thus, this study aims at designing ICT competences integrated – speaking syllabuses for English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) by analyzing the existing speaking syllabuses from various universities in Indonesia. The analysis involved the ICT competences proposed by UNESCO, Digital Media Descriptors of English Profiling Grid (EPG) and other ICT based – theories. The study applied Design and Development Research (DDR) as the research design and qualitative as the research method. The stages of DDR in this study are Need Analysis; Describe the Objectives, Design and Develop the Syllabus, Evaluate the Prototypical Syllabus, Design Revision. The result of the study revealed that the ICT competences are mostly integrated in the component of Teaching Method or Classroom Activities and Learning Media in the syllabuses. The most applied level of ICT competences in the existing syllabuses is Knowledge Deepening level. However, the integration or infusions of ICT competences were explicitly or implicitly mentioned in the syllabuses of speaking subject. The study provides procedure of ICT integration and the design of ICT competences integrated – speaking syllabuses; General Speaking, Professional Speaking and Academic Speaking. The proposed syllabuses implemented the skill based syllabus and functional – notional syllabus design.
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