Macroalgae belong to thallophytes group or plant-like organisms which generally live in coastal areas. 1-3 Macroalgae known as seaweed have significant economic value since they can be utilized as vegetables, traditional medicines, organic fertilizers, and livestock fed. 1,3 Even the phytocoloid compounds extracted from macroalgae as agar, carrageenan, and alginate 3 , it can be used as raw materials of various industries, such as medicine, cosmetics, food, etc. Based on the pigment content, macroalgae are classified as green, red, and brown macroalgae. 4,5 Several studies has been revealed that green, brown and red algae contain different metabolites and have much biological activity such as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal. 6 Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess numerous compounds that can be used for various properties, either nutrient content or active compounds. P. australis contains 1.05 ± 0.09% protein, 0.58 ± 0.01% fat, 8.78 ± 0.80% carbohydrate, 87.25 ± 0.86% water, 2.34 ± 0.16% ash 7 and minerals as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, iron 8 that enable to be developed as a food source and livestock fed. P. australis also contains various active compounds, such as steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin 2,9,10 that can be used as medicinal drugs. P. australis found abundantly in Indonesia sea and distributed almost all stony coasts including East Nusa Tenggara waters. According to Salosso and Jasmanindar 11 , brown macroalgae recorded in 5 sampling sites of Kupang Bay and distributed in all locations and sampling sites are P. australis with up to 80% occurrence frequency. Nevertheless, this species has not been maximally utilized yet by the community. 10 To optimize the utilization of P. autralis collected from Kupang Bay, a study on nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of P. australis were carried out in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. australis collection P. australis were collected at the lowest tide in Kelapa Lima coastal waters, Kupang Bay, by searching along the coast and taking all encountered P. australis. They were put into a plastic bag, cleansed, recorded the fresh weight, air-dried, and then ready for further analyses. Chemical composition analysis Chemical composition analyses of P. australis include water, ash, protein, and fat content. 12 Carbohydrate content was determined by difference as follows: 100%-(% water + % fat + % protein + % ash). Amino acid content was determined using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Mineral analyses on calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Phytochemical analysis of P. australis Phytochemical investigations of P. australis include alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid, and steroid. Alkaloid was examined using Culvenor-Fiztgerald method, saponin was analyzed using a foam test, tannin was analysed using FeCl, and terpenoid and steroid was analyzed using the Lieberman-Burchard meth...
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is one of the mangrove species that a source of antioxidants. Antioxidant substances are able to protect cells from oxidative stress and other related diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profiles, predicted biological activity, and antioxidant activity of the B. gymnoriza fruit extracts. The research methods included sampling, extraction (maceration with MeOH:DCM), identification of chemical profiles (GCMS spectra analysis), assaying for computational analysis (PASS server and ADMET), antioxidants (DPPH radical scavenging), and total phenolic content (FolinCiocalteu). Bruguiera gymnorrhiza fruits was collected from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The chemical profiles detected in the B. gymnorrhiza fruit extracts, namely isopimaradiene (64.20%); 4-(2-Aminopropyl) phenol (19.06%); dimethylaminodimethylphosphene oxide (9.40%); 3-amino-2-benzylbutanoic acid (5.46%); and 1,4- dideuteriooctane (1.89%). PASS server analysis showed that the five compounds detected from B. gymnorrhiza fruit have the potential as an NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) stimulant and oxygen scavenger. The ADMET analysis results indicated that B. gymnorrhiza fruits could be developed as folk medicine and nutraceutical products.
Mangroves are plants with good tolerance to salinity changes, developing a chemical defense system with pharmacological value. This study aimed to obtain a GC-MS profiles of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove leaves extract, which could scavenge DPPH radicals and inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The research included sampling, extraction (maceration with MeOH:DCM), identification of chemical profiles using GC-MS spectra analysis, assaying for antibacterial activity (well diffusion method), and antioxidants (DPPH radical scavenging). Mangrove leaves sampling was carried out on Laemanta, Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi. Based on the leaves' characteristics and tips, the types of roots, fruits, and flowers, the mangrove leave samples were identified as R. apiculata. The GC-MS profiles of R. apiculata leaves extract was dominated by mome inositol (75.6%). The antibacterial assay showed at a concentration of 100 mg/mL of R. apiculata leaves extract showed weak to strong antibacterial activity, with the inhibition zone diameter of P.
Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) is a Kalimantan tidal swamp plant that is potent to treat Aeromonas hydrophila infection. This study aimed to determine the potential of Jeruju leaf extract as antioxidant and antibacterial agents to inhibit A. hydrophila growth. The research method included the sampling of Jeruju leaves in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Then, the extracted sample was macerated with ethanol. The sample extracts were screened for phytochemical (Harborne) and metabolomic profiles (liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry). The profile of compounds in the extract predicted biological activity using PASS server. Furthermore, the extracts were assayed for antibacterial activity (well diffusion and broth dilution), antioxidant activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total phenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu). The phytochemical screening showed that the Jeruju leaves' ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroids. The metabolomic profiling was dominated by betaine (41.61%) and choline (40.27%). The prediction of biological activity showed that the Jeruju leaf extract acted as a peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase enzyme inhibitor, DNA synthesis inhibitor, and free radical scavenger. The Jeruju leaf extract can inhibit A. hydrophila growth on glutamate starch phenol agar (9.09%). The ethanol extract of Jeruju leaves showed very strong antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 49.73 ± 1.14 µg/ml and 70.31% DPPH scavenging effect at 96 µg/ml), with a total phenol content of 32,667 ± 1,778.58 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry extract. These research findings provide potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities for Jeruju (A. ilicifolius) leaves' ethanol extract for inhibiting A. hydrophila growth.
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