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Fluoride ingestion has been linked to changes in behavior in mice and rats, related to dose, sex of the animal, and the timing of exposure. Previous studies have shown the behavior of female rats to be most affected by postnatal fluoride exposure, and in this study we determined the effects of postnatal fluoride exposure on anxiety related behavior and serotonin. Mice given 50 ppm fluoride in drinking water had increased entries in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, suggesting reduced anxiety. Both peripheral and central serotonin was increased in the fluoride treated mice. In a cohort of children drinking water containing 2.5 ppm fluoride, serum serotonin was also increased as compared to controls. The mechanisms by which fluoride results in an increase peripheral and central serotonin are not well understood, but warrant further study, as these effects may also be relevant to prenatal fluoride related changes in behavior in both mice and humans.

Dental anxiety develops in the early years of life and may persist into adulthood that can lead to avoidance of dental treatment. 1 Dental anxiety refers to all different types of dental fears and phobias, and to differentiate between these terms is complicated. 2 The source of a child's anxiety may vary; some children show signs of fears or phobias regarding specific stimuli (eg, needle or drill), whereas other children present more generalized anxiety where the source of the threat is ambivalent, uncertain or not immediately present. 3 However, children's emotional response shows similarities in both situations. 4 Distress, children experience during treatment, may evoke dental anxiety which is being maintained over time that leads to avoidance behaviour throughout adulthood. 1 It is important to clarify emotions that generate behaviours during dental treatment. 5 There are many tools to assess dental anxiety. 6 These methods are the clinical observation of

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Bu çalışmanın amacı ebeveynlerin dental kaygı düzeylerinin çocukların dental kaygısı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya Yeditepe Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Çocuk Diş Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı'na başvuran ve tedavileri 5. Sınıf öğrencileri tarafından Çocuk Diş Kliniği'nde gerçekleştirilen 6-12 yaşları arasındaki 78 çocuk ve onların ebeveynleri dahil edilmiştir. Çocukların kaygı düzeyleri, lokal anestezi uygulanarak dental tedavilerinin gerçekleştirildiği ilk tedavi seansı öncesinde ve sonrasında Venham Picture Test (VPT) kullanılarak, tedavi sırasında ise Frankl ve SEM (Sound, Eye, Motor) skalaları kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tedavi seansının sonunda her çocuktan resim çizmesi istenmiştir. Çocuklar tarafından gerçekleştirilen çizimler, Child Drawing: Hospital (CD:H) skalası kullanılarak çocuk diş hekimi ve psikolog tarafından skorlanmıştır. Çocukların tedavi seansında ebeveynlerinden sosyodemografik bilgileri içeren bir form doldurmaları istenmiştir. Ebeveynlerin dental kaygı düzeylerini belirlemek için beş sorudan oluşan Modifiye Dental Anksiyete Skalası (MDAS) kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel değerlendirmede tanımlayıcı istatistiksel metodların (ortalama, standart sapma, medyan, IQR) yanısıra VPT skalasının tedavi öncesi ve sonrası skorları arasında farklılığın belirlenmesinde Wilcoxon İşaret testi kullanılmıştır. Skalalar arasında ilişkinin belirlenmesinde Sperman korelasyon katsayısı ve Kendall tau-b katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Ebeveynin kaygı düzeylerinin belirlendiği MDAS skalasının skorları ile çocukların kaygı düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Ebeveynlerin gelir düzeylerinin ebeveyn ve çocukların dental kaygı düzeyleri üzerine etkileri değerlendirildiğinde ailelerin gelir düzeyleri ile MDAS skorları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark belirlenmemiştir (p=0,815). Bununla beraber gelir düzeylerindeki farklılıkların çocukların dental kaygılarını etkilemediği ve aralarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir bulunmadığı görüldü (p>0,05). Annelerin eğitim düzeyleri ile ebeveyn MDAS değerleri ve çocukların kaygı skorları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi. Sonuç: Ebeveynlerin diş hekimi kaygılarının çocuklar dental kaygıları üzerinde etkili olmadığı görüldü. Ancak, daha fazla sayıda kişinin dahil edildiği cinsiyet ve yaş grupları arasındaki farklılıkların değerlendirileceği ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Anahtar kelimeler: Çocuk, ebeveyn, dental kaygı. SUMMARY Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of parental anxiety on the dental anxiety of the children. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight children, aged 6-12 years, and their mothers participated in this study. At the end of the first treatment session the child was instructed to draw a picture of a person in a dental clinic. Children's drawings were scored by a pediatric dentist and a psychologist using Child Drawing: Hospital (CD:H) scale and Human Drawing ÖZGÜN ARAŞTIRMA

This research was carried out to investigate and compare the fluoride accumulations and some physical and chemical properties (dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, salinity, nitrate nitrogen) in the drinking water of Enez and Süloğlu Districts, which are located in the northern and southern parts of the watershed of Meriç River. Water samples used for drinking were taken from tap waters in a total of 22 residential areas in the Enez and Süloğlu Districts at the winter season of 2019. Fluoride levels of water samples were determined by using a spectrophotometer and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the results. The detected fluoride amounts and physical/chemical data were also evaluated in terms of teeth health of humans. According to the results obtained, although the detected fluoride accumulations both in the northern and southern part of the basin are slightly below the optimum levels for teeth health, it has been found that fluoride concentrations did not exceed the permitted values for drinking water. The minimum and maximum fluoride levels recorded as min. 0.159 ppm (Süloğlu District)-max. 0.475 ppm (Küküler Village) in the northern part of the basin and recorded as min. 0.068 ppm (Hasköy Village)-max. 0.603 ppm (Karaincirli Village) in the southern part of the basin. As a result of PCA, 2 factors named as "Agricultural Factor" and "Fluoride Factor" explained 79% of the total variance. It was also determined that contamination rates in terms of physicochemical variables of investigated regions were found as South Region of the Basin > North Region of the Basin in general.

Introduction: Early childhood caries (ECC) is considered a global health concern due to its high prevalence and effect on the overall health of children. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate prevalence of ECC and associated risk factors in a Turkish subpopulation of children. Materials and methods: Five hundred forty-two (299 boys, 243 girls) children were enrolled in this study. Caries experience on primary teeth was measured using decayed or filled teeth (dft) index and the presence of caries was diagnosed if dft >0. A structured questionnaire was employed to mothers through interview. Results: ECC was significantly associated with increased age (OR=1.032; 95% CI, 1.018&ndash;1.047; p<0.001), low level of family income (OR=2.91; 95% CI, 1.567&ndash;5.404; p=0.001), low educational level of mother (OR=2.602; 95% CI, 1.509&ndash;4.485), night-time frequent breastfeeding (OR=1.695; CI, 1.07&ndash;2.685; p=0.024) and bottle feeding with sugary beverages (OR=1.689; CI, 1.002&ndash;2.847; p=0.049). First dental visit age (OR=1.482; 95% CI, 1.254&ndash;1.753; p<0.001) and initial age of tooth brushing (OR=2.062; 95% CI, 1.324&ndash;3.209; p=0.001) were found to be protective against ECC development. Conclusions: The current study highlights potential factors that are commonly associated with the risk of developing ECC. From the perspective of public health, a better understanding of socioeconomic, environmental, maternal and behavioural risks factors for ECC will aid improving maternal and child-based health promotion and preventive programmes.