A 3 wt% La-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared via wet co-impregnation technique and physicochemically-characterized. Lanthanum was responsible for better metal dispersion; hence higher BET specific surface area (96.0 m2 g−1) as compared to the unpromoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst (85.0 m2 g−1). In addition, the La-promoted catalyst possessed finer crystallite size (9.1 nm) whilst the unpromoted catalyst measured 12.8 nm. Subsequently, glycerol dry reforming was performed at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 923 to 1123 K employing CO2-to-glycerol ratio from zero to five. Significantly, the reaction results have yielded syngas as main gaseous products with H2:CO ratios always below than 2.0 with concomitant maximum 96% glycerol conversion obtained at the CO2-toglycerol ratio of 1.67. In addition, the glycerol consumption rate can be adequately captured using power law modelling with the order of reactions equal 0.72 and 0.14 with respect to glycerol and CO2 whilst the activation energy was 35.0 kJ mol−1. A 72 h longevity run moreover revealed that the catalyst gave a stable catalytic performance.
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of operating conditions on palm oil mill effluent (POME) using activated sludge treatment. The operating conditions examined are initial pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), initial mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), solid retention time (SRT), and molasses concentration added as a carbon source. The efficiency of activated sludge was evaluated by treating the anaerobic treated POME under aerobic conditions based on the F/M ratio of 0.3 kg BOD/kg MLVSS.day. The best operating condition for initial pH, HRT, OLR, initial MLVSS, SRT, and molasses concentration were found to be 6.5 ± 0.1, 48 hours, 650 ± 20 mg/L, 2000 ± 200 mg/L, 10 days and 50 mg/L, respectively. However, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in POME ranging from 62 -68% and 60 -65% respectively for all best conditions. In fact, the removal of BOD still does not meet the Department of Environment (DOE)'s discharge standard limit of 20 mg/L. Therefore, further investigation and study of POME treatment need to be carried out in order to find a better solution to meet the DOE discharge standard.
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