Background/objective: Textile manufacturing is a complex industry that has frequently been associated with bladder cancer. However, results have not been consistent. This study investigated the risk of bladder cancer in Spanish textile workers. Methods: We analysed data from a multicentre hospitalbased case-control study carried out in Spain (1998Spain ( -2001 including 1219 cases of bladder cancer and 1271 controls. Of those, 126 cases and 122 controls reported a history of employment in the textile industry. Lifetime occupational history was obtained using a computerassisted personal interview. Occupations, locations and materials used in the textile industry were assessed using a detailed questionnaire and expert assessment. Results: Overall, no increased risk of bladder cancer was found for textile workers, including duration of employment analysis. Increased risks were observed for weavers (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 0.95 to 3.47), for workers in winding/warping/sizing (OR 4.11, 95% CI 1.58 to 10.71) and for those exposed to synthetic materials (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.00 to 3.56). Working for more than 10 years appeared to be associated with an increased risk for weavers (OR 2.27, 95% CI 0.97 to 5.34), for those who had ever worked in winding/warping/sizing (OR 11.03, 95% CI 1.37, 88.89), for workers in the weaving room (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.24 to 7.01) and for those exposed to synthetic (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.14 to 6.01) or cotton (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.87) materials. Statistically significant higher risks were also found for specific combinations of occupations or locations with exposure to synthetics and cotton. Conclusions: There was no overall increased risk for textile workers, but increased risks were found for specific groups of workers. Our findings indicate that observed risks in previous studies may be better evaluated by analysis of materials used or section worked within the industry and occupation.Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in industrialised countries.1 In Spain, both bladder cancer incidence and mortality are elevated, with this disease ranking as the second cancer site among men. 2Tobacco smoking and occupational exposures are the leading risk factors for bladder cancer. [3][4][5]
RESUMENEl objetivo central de este trabajo es presentar un análisis de la situación actual del Sistema Nacional de Salud mexicano, resultado de las sucesivas reformas realizadas desde la década de los ochenta. Interesa de manera especial, enfatizar el papel que ha jugado el Seguro Popular de Salud (SPS) como pieza clave de la mercantilización de la atención médica. Para tal efecto, en la primera parte se presentan los principales antecedentes de los cambios realizados durante las dos últimas décadas del siglo pasado, y en la segunda se analiza la situación actual a partir del inicio del nuevo milenio. El análisis se centra en una evaluación inicial de los alcances y limitaciones del Seguro Popular de Salud bajo la perspectiva de la equidad del acceso a la atención médica. El análisis concluye que debido a que no hay una perspectiva médica en las reformas estructurales, este seguro representa un programa discrecional, presidencial y focalizado que resta fondos a las instituciones grandes de la seguridad social, obligándolas, en muchos casos, a realizar adecuaciones presupuestarias en detrimento de la calidad de la atención. Esta situación constituye, en el futuro inmediato, una segmentación del Sistema Nacional de Salud que determinará nuevas condiciones diferenciales del acceso de la población a los servicios médicos, aumentará la inequidad en salud y contribuirá a incrementar la gran desigualdad social prevaleciente en México.Palabras Clave: Equidad, acceso, atención médica, reforma sanitaria, seguridad social (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). ABSTRACTThis work is aimed at presenting an analysis of the Mexican health system's current situation resulting from successive reforms which have been carried out since the 1980s. Special interest is placed on the role which the Seguro Popular de Salud (SPS -a "popular", meaning universal, health insurance plan) has played, being a key piece in commercialising medical attention. The first part of this work thus presents the main antecedents for the changes made during the last two decades of the last century and analyses the current situation since the start of the new millennium.
Las modificaciones en el mundo del trabajo producidas por la crisis de acumulación capitalista han transformado así mismo las condiciones de desarrollo de la labor docente. En un mundo cada vez más complejo y competitivo, la institución universitaria es atravesada por múltiples y contradictorias exigencias que se manifiestan en la salud de sus trabajadores. Este trabajo analiza fenómenos como la precarización del trabajo docente y sus implicaciones en la salud física y mental de los trabajadores universitarios, revisando las investigaciones recientes sobre el síndrome de burnout y padecimientos similares en México. Así mismo reflexiona sobre los límites y posibilidades de la acción política emancipadora por parte de los trabajadores de la educación.
rESUMEn El proceso de reforma sanitaria que el Estado peruano emprendió entre 1993 y 2013 ha privilegiado el aspecto financiero respecto a los temas de salud y se ha enfocado fundamentalmente a contener costos, restringir la calidad y el acceso a los servicios. La respuesta del movimiento sanitario que encabeza el Foro de la Sociedad Civil en Salud (Forosalud) frente a estas políticas y lo que esta experiencia puede significar para los movimientos sociales emprendidos en América Latina es motivo de nuestro análisis. El propósito del estudio es analizar los alcances de la participación social en oposición a las reformas contemporáneas de los sistemas de salud en Perú.
47 their career because it has qualities related to the masculinity as the decision making or social prestige. The dietitians with more frequency indicated that they chose their careers because it allowed them to learn to stay healthful. The odontology women indicated that they had chosen their profession because allowed themto take care of its children. Conclusions: The influence of the gender norms in the academic trajectory of the women is reflected in the characteristics of the women that study each profession and in their motives of career selection.
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