A critical aspect for obtaining accurate, reliable, and high-resolution estimates of nuclear DNA content is the release of nuclei from the cytoplasm in sufficient amounts, while maintaining their integrity throughout the analysis, protecting their DNA from degradation by endonucleases, and enabling stoichiometric DNA staining.
ABSTRACT• Polyploidisation has played an important role in plant diversification, and variation in ploidy level may be found not only between species of the same genus, but also within a single species. Although establishing the adaptive significance of polyploidy to explain the geographic distribution of cytotypes is challenging, the occurrence of different cytotypes in different ecological niches may suggest an adaptive role of genome duplication.• We studied the adaptive significance of the geographic distribution of cytotypes across the entire distribution range of the endemic Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). For that, we have used climate variables, population elevation and soil properties to model ecological niches for the different cytotypes. In addition, we analysed the effect that ploidy level has on the floral phenotype.• We found a clear geographic pattern in the distribution of cytotypes, with diploid individuals occurring in the southernmost part of the distribution range, while tetraploids were found in the northern area. A contact (mosaic) zone between both cytotypes was identified, but diploids and tetraploids occur in sympatry in only one population (although in a highly unbalanced proportion). Gene flow between different cytotypes seems to be negligible, as evident from an almost complete absence of triploids and other minority cytotypes. Niches occupied by both cytotypes showed subtle, but significant differences, even in the contact zone. Precipitation was higher in regions occupied by tetraploid individuals, which present wider corolla tubes and thinner but taller stalks than diploids.• Our findings highlight the potential role of polyploidy in the ecological adaptation of E. mediohispanicum to both abiotic factors and biotic interactions.
Natural hybridisation and polyploidy are currently recognised as drivers of biodiversity, despite early scepticism about their importance. The Mediterranean region is a biodiversity hotspot where geological and climatic events have created numerous opportunities for speciation through hybridisation and polyploidy. Still, our knowledge on the frequency of these mechanisms in the region is largely limited, despite both phenomena are frequently cited in studies of Mediterranean plants. We reviewed information available from biodiversity and cytogenetic databases to provide the first estimates of hybridisation and polyploidy frequency in the Mediterranean region. We also inspected the most comprehensive modern Mediterranean Flora (Flora iberica) to survey the frequency and taxonomic distribution of hybrids and polyploids in Iberian Peninsula. We found that <6% of Mediterranean plants were hybrids, although a higher frequency was estimated for the Iberian Peninsula (13%). Hybrids were concentrated in few families and in even fewer genera. The overall frequency of polyploidy (36.5%) was comparable with previous estimates in other regions; however our estimates increased when analysing the Iberian Peninsula (48.8%). A surprisingly high incidence of species harbouring two or more ploidy levels was also observed (21.7%). A review of the available literature also showed that the ecological factors driving emergence and establishment of new entities are still poorly studied in the Mediterranean flora, although geographic barriers seem to play a major role in polyploid complexes. Finally, this study reveals several gaps and limitations in our current knowledge about the frequency of hybridisation and polyploidy in the Mediterranean region. The obtained estimates might change in the future with the increasing number of studies; still, rather than setting the complete reality, we hope that this work triggers future studies on hybridisation and polyploidy in the Mediterranean region.
Abstract. Polyploidization has been traditionally considered a phenomenon that mediates
ecological differentiation; however, the adaptive value of genome
duplications has been seldom explored. Natural or synthetic polyploids offer
unique opportunities to experimentally quantify the immediate consequences of
genome duplications in plant traits that may be involved with ecological
differentiation. Jasione maritima is a diploid-tetraploid complex
with cytotypes distributed allopatrically in an environmental gradient ideal
for exploring the role of genome duplications in the success of polyploid
lineages. However, like in numerous other polyploid complexes, neotetraploids
of J. maritima have not been found in nature. In this study we
developed a methodology to obtain synthetic tetraploids from seeds collected
in wild diploid plants of J. maritima. We tested the effect of
different colchicine concentrations and seedling ages in survival and
polyploidization success of J. maritima seedlings, using flow
cytometry to assess ploidy level and considering the population of origin. A
methodology to synchronize seed germination was also explored.
Synchronization of seed germination was best achieved using a cold treatment
of 2 weeks before the transference to a growth chamber. An overall survival
rate of 11.5±0.7 % and further tetraploid conversion of 35.6±2.9 % was obtained using 3-day-old seedlings of J. maritima.
Survival rates were variable depending on colchicine treatment (the highest
the most lethal) and seedling origin (i.e. population), while conversion rate
was similar across these factors and high rates of tetraploid conversion were
obtained. Considering that the main constraint was survival to the colchicine
treatment, we suggest the use of the lowest colchicine concentration tested,
i.e. 0.1 % colchicine. The use of older seedlings increased survival
rates but, in many cases, compromised a complete tetraploid conversion,
generating many diploid-tetraploid mixoploid plants.
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