Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características estruturais e a produção de forragem do capimtanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia) sob condições de pastejo rotativo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, num experimento realizado em Campo Grande, MS. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre três condições de pré e duas condições de pós-pastejo, e foram alocados às unidades experimentais segundo um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições e arranjo fatorial 3x2. As condições de pré-pastejo de 90, 95 e 100% de interceptação de luz (IL) foram atingidas consistentemente com alturas de dossel em torno de 60, 70 e 85 cm, respectivamente. Pastejos iniciados com 90% de IL resultaram em maior número de ciclos de pastejo em relação aos iniciados com 95 e 100% de IL. O acúmulo de forragem foi maior em pastejos realizados com 95% do que com 90 ou 100% de IL, mas não houve diferença entre os tratamentos de 90 e 95% de IL para acúmulo de folhas. O acúmulo de colmos aumentou após os 95% de IL, indicando a importância da freqüência de pastejo como maneira de controlar a estrutura e a composição do dossel.Termos para indexação: Panicum maximum, altura do dossel, interceptação de luz, acúmulo de forragem, manejo do pastejo. Tanzânia grass subjected to combinations of intensity and frequency of grazingAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the structural characteristics and herbage accumulation of Tanzania grass pastures (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) under rotationally grazing, in an Oxisol, in experiment carried out at Campo Grande, MS. Treatments corresponded to combinations of three pre and two post-grazing conditions, and were allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design, with three replications and a 3x2 factorial arrangement. The pre-grazing conditions of 90, 95 and 100% light interception (LI) were achieved consistently with swards heights around 60, 70 and 85 cm, respectively. Grazings at 90% LI resulted in larger number of grazing cycles than grazings at 95 and 100% LI. Total herbage accumulation was larger with grazings at 95% than at 90 and 100% LI, but there was no difference between the 90 and 95% LI treatments for leaf accumulation. Accumulation of stem material increased substantially after 95% LI, indicating the importance of grazing frequency as a means of controlling sward structure and composition.Index terms: Panicum maximum, sward height, light interception, herbage accumulation, grazing management. IntroduçãoA baixa produtividade de áreas de pastagens no Brasil é uma das principais causas da baixa rentabilidade e competitividade dos sistemas de produção animal em relação a outros sistemas agrícolas. Isso se deve, em parte, à falta de conhecimento dos limites de utilização das plantas forrageiras nos mais variados ambientes. No entanto, a preocupação sempre esteve centrada em questões como: estacionalidade de produção e valor nutritivo, razão pela qual tem existido uma busca incessante por opções de pla...
Grazing management has been the focus of the research with forage plants in Brazil for many years. Only in the last two decades, however, significant changes and advances have occurred regarding the understanding of the key factors and processes that determine adequate use of tropical forage plants in pastures. The objective of this review is to provide an historical overview of the research with forage plants and grasslands in Brazil, highlighting advances, trends, and results, as well as to describe the current state of the art and identify future perspectives and challenges. The information is presented in a systematic manner, favoring an integrated view of the different trends and research philosophies. A critical appraisal is given of the need for revision and change of paradigms as a means of improving and consolidating the knowledge on animal production from pastures. Such analysis idealizes efficient, sound and sustainable grazing management practices necessary to realize the existing potential for animal production in the tropics.
In continuously stocked swards or pastures the frequency at which individual tillers and individual leaves are defoliated by ruminant livestock, relative to leaf lifespan of the grass species within the sward, determines the proportion of each leaf defoliated before senescence, and hence the efficiency of harvesting of herbage. In this paper, sets of data obtained in a range of climatic conditions and with a range of grass species are used in order to document this relationship. It is shown that the frequency of defoliation of individual tillers or individual leaves is closely linked to the average stocking density used within a period of time for maintaining a steady state sward or pasture height, herbage mass or leaf area index. Consequently, any decrease in herbage growth rate should lead to a decrease in the efficiency of harvesting of herbage and then to a more than proportional decrease in total herbage consumption by ruminant livestock. These effects will be more important for grass species having short leaf lifespan than for species with long lifespan. In rotational stocking, the link between herbage growth rate and frequency of defoliation of leaves can be broken by controlling the grazing interval, so any decrease in herbage growth would not be systematically associated with a decrease in efficiency of harvesting of herbage. Rotational stocking should be more efficient than continuous stocking in low herbage production conditions, while in high herbage production systems rotational and continuous stocking would have similar efficiency. The implications of these conclusions for the management of swards and pastures to meet different objectives are discussed briefly.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotativo sobre a composição morfológica da forragem consumida por bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Os pastejos foram realizados sempre que o dossel atingia 95 ou 100% de intercepção luminosa (IL) até as alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm. Foi avaliada a composição morfológica das extrusas coletadas de animais fistulados no esôfago em três etapas ao longo do rebaixamento dos pastos. À medida que o rebaixamento progrediu, a proporção de lâminas foliares na extrusa diminuiu e a de colmos e de material morto aumentou. Pastejos iniciados com 100% de IL ou realizados até a altura pós-pastejo de 10 cm resultaram em menor proporção de lâminas foliares e maior de colmos e de material morto. O tratamento 95/15 foi consistente entre os tratamentos que apresentaram as maiores proporções de lâminas foliares e menores de colmos e de material e, mesmo no final do rebaixamento, apresentou, ainda, mais de 50% de proporção de lâminas foliares na extrusa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, durante o rebaixamento do dossel, pastejos mais freqüentes e menos severos proporcionam aos animais a obtenção de dietas com elevada proporção de lâminas foliares, o que deve aumentar o valor nutritivo da forragem consumida.
SUMMARYThe ability to adapt to a range of edaphic conditions favours the widespread use of marandu palisade grass in high as well as low input systems of animal production in Brazil. However, little information exists regarding the influence of grazing management practices on sward structure and the carry-over effects on animal responses. The present experiment was planned to evaluate animal behaviour, herbage intake (HI) and nutritive value, herbage accumulation and body weight gain (BWG) of beef cattle heifers grazing marandu palisade grass subjected to intensities of continuous stocking management. Treatments corresponded to four sward surface heights (SSH: 100, 200, 300 and 400 mm) and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a randomized complete block design with four replications. Herbage accumulation rate (HAR) varied with season of the year and SSH, with highest and lowest values recorded during summer and winter, respectively. During the summer, herbage accumulation was larger on swards managed at 200, 300 and 400 mm, with the opposite occurring during winter/early spring. Stocking rate (SR) and number of grazing days (GD) followed a similar seasonal pattern of variation, with values decreasing as SSH increased. Crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of hand-plucked herbage decreased as SSH increased from 100 to 400 mm, while the inverse happened with BWG (from 0·190 to 0·930 kg/day, respectively). Bite mass (BM) increased and rate of biting and grazing time (GT) decreased as SSH increased, with daily HI being larger on tall (300 and 400 mm) relative to short (100 and 200 mm) swards. Grazing management affected the nutritive value and the amount of herbage consumed, particularly through changes in BM. However, variations in intake were relatively more important than variations in nutritive value in influencing animal performance, highlighting the importance of providing favourable harvest conditions for grazing animals by establishing adequate sward targets for management.
Plant communities on pastures adapt to varying frequencies and severities of defoliation through mechanisms capable of ensuring their longevity and photosynthetic efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate tiller population density, demographic patterns of tillering and population stability of palisadegrass swards subjected to four grazing intensities. Treatments corresponded to four sward steady state conditions (sward heights of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) generated by continuous stocking. Measurements of tiller population density and population dynamics were performed at 4 week intervals and the results were used to calculate tiller appearance, death and survival rates. Tiller appearance and death rate were used to calculate sward stability index. The results indicate that keeping swards low (10 cm or lower) may be prejudicial to persistency and productivity of palisadegrass. The results also indicate that a low tiller population alone should not be considered as an indicator of loss of productive potential and of reduced plant persistency, since swards may be stable even with low population of tillers.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico do capim-xaraés [Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés] em resposta a três estratégias de pastejo rotacionado: uma baseada no calendário (pastejo a cada 28 dias) e duas em função da interceptação luminosa (IL) pelo dossel (pastejo iniciado a 95% ou 100% de IL). No tratamento 95% de IL, a altura média pré-pastejo foi 29,5 cm; no 100% de IL, foi 41,6 cm e no 28 dias, 34,2 cm. A altura média pós-pastejo foi 14,6 cm em todos os tratamentos, e correspondeu a um índice de área foliar médio de 0,73, IL de 42% e ângulo da folhagem de 65,2º. No pré-pastejo, o ângulo da folhagem não variou com as estratégias de pastejo e correspondeu a um valor médio de 41,6º. A altura do dossel e a IL correspondente ao longo da rebrotação estiveram correlacionadas em todos os tratamentos. O tratamento 100% de IL resultou em maior intervalo entre pastejos e maior acúmulo de forragem em relação aos tratamentos 95% de IL e 28 dias de descanso, porém essa maior produção foi alcançada por meio de maiores quantidades acumuladas de colmos e de material morto.Termos para indexação: interceptação luminosa, IAF, ângulos foliares, pastejo rotacionado. Sward structure and herbage accumulation in Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Xaraés in response to strategies of grazingAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of Xaraés palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Xaraés] in response to rotational grazing managements defined by either pre-graze canopy light interception (LI) or calendar days. Mean pre-graze sward height was 29.5 cm for the 95% LI pastures, 41.6 cm for 100% LI, and 34.2 cm for the 28-day schedule. Mean post-graze sward height was 14.6 cm across treatments, which corresponded to a mean 0.73 leaf area index, 42% LI and 65.2º foliage angle. At pre-graze, foliage angles were not affected by grazing management (mean = 41.6º). Sward height and LI were highly correlated across treatments. Grazing at 100% LI resulted in longer intervals between grazings and higher herbage accumulation than the other two treatments, although this higher accumulation corresponded mainly to large amounts of stem and dead material.
RESUMO -Este trabalho foi realizado para verificar a existência de relação entre tamanho e número de perfilhos em pastos de capim-marandu e testar se ajustes relacionados a variações em índice de área foliar (IAF), relação área foliar:volume por perfilho (R) e densidade aparente de perfilhos na equação de predição da resposta permitiriam explicar eventuais desvios da inclinação teórica predita. Foram avaliadas quatro condições da pastos (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura), mantidas constantes por bovinos em regime de lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se a densidade populacional de perfilhos, a massa por perfilho, a área foliar por perfilho, o índice de área foliar, a relação folha/colmo e a razão área foliar:volume do perfilho (R). Além disso, regressões lineares simples foram realizadas para a avaliação dos parâmetros da relação funcional entre densidade populacional e massa por perfilho. As medições foram realizadas de janeiro a dezembro de 2002. Pastos de capim-marandu possuem um mecanismo de compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos pelo qual maiores densidades populacionais estão associadas a perfilhos pequenos e vice-versa. Os valores de R apresentaram variações sazonais, indicando que perfilhos desta espécie podem reduzir área foliar em relação ao seu volume como mecanismo de sobrevivência em condições de déficit hídrico. As análises de regressão revelaram coeficientes lineares menores que -3/2, de modo que os desvios desta expectativa foram explicados pelas variações registradas em IAF, R e na densidade aparente de perfilhos.Palavras-chave: alturas de pastejo, auto-desbaste, Brachiaria brizantha, densidade populacional, lei do -3/2, perfilhamento Tiller size/density compensation in Marandu palisadegrass swardsABSTRACT -The objectives of this study were to evaluate the existence of a relationship between tiller size and tiller number in grazed palisadegrass swards and to verify if adjustments related to changing in leaf area index (LAI), leaf area:tiller volume ratio (R), and tiller bulk density in the prediction equation of the response would explain eventual slope deviation from the theoretical predict slope. Treatments corresponded to four sward "steady state" conditions (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm sward surface heights), maintained by cattle under continuous but variable stocking rate. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with four replicates and the response-variables evaluated were tiller population density, mean tiller weight, and leaf area per tiller. Sward leaf area index (LAI), tiller leaf:stem ratio, and tiller leaf area:volume ratio (R) were calculated and simple regression analyses between tiller population density and tiller weight in a logarithm scale were performed. Measurements were made from January to December 2002. Swards showed a tiller size/density compensation mechanism characterized by high tiller population densities associated with small til...
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