governance in the EU, realize the subsidiarity principle as strengthened by the Lisbon Treaty ii , and focus on regulating issues where there is consensus across the EU. Therefore, we propose that the EC initiates an investigation of this model. The approach towards coexistence policies in the EU may serve as an example.In the third of our articles [14], we present certain reform details regarding the postauthorization requirements as well as discuss the current political landscape in the EU and whether any regulatory reform is currently feasible. Author ContributionsD.E. took the initiative and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All other co-authors each contributed a section to the manuscript and were involved in finalizing the manuscript.

Zusammenfassung Die empirische Ethik sieht ihre eigene aufgabe darin, soziale und kulturelle aspekte der Medizin zu berücksichtigen. Damit trennt sie den wissenschaftlich kognitiven aspekt der Medizin von kulturell normativen aspekten, die einzig sozialwissenschaftlich zu erforschen wären. Wenn Medizin aber als gesellschaftliche Praxis begriffen wird, wird die saubere trennung zwischen naturwissenschaftlicher Medizin, kulturellnormativen Aspekten und ethischer Reflexion durchbrochen. Wir schlagen vor, ethische Reflexion und empirische sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung in mehrstufiger Weise aufeinander zu beziehen. Den Sozialwissenschaften kommt dabei die Funktion einer ersten Reflexionsinstanz der medizinischen Praxis zu, an die in einem zweiten Schritt die Medizinethik reflexiv anschließt und sich dabei wieder einer soziologischen Kritik stellen muss. Schlüsselwörter empirische ethik · Soziologische theorie · Medizinethik Medicine as societal practice, empirical research and ethical reflexion: Suggestion for a sociologically informed concept of Medical EthicsAbstract Definition of the problem the central focus of Empirical Ethics is the study of the social and cultural aspects inherent in medical practice. Arguments this approach distinguishes between the scientific-cognitive aspects and the cultural-normative aspects of medicine, which would conventionally be investigated separately by the social sciences. When however medicine is conceived of as social practice, the sharp distinction between scientific medicine, culturally normative aspects and ethical reflection becomes less distinct. Conclusion We suggest combining ethical reflection and empirical research in multiple stages. In this case, social scientific analyses would provide an initial framework

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Based on the methodological approach developed by a team of the DGD (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) in 1994, a study of the supply and markets of electronic information services (EISs) was conducted in 1995/96 in the seventeen countries of the European Economic Area (Member States of the European Union, plus Norway and Iceland). The surveys in the seventeen countries were conducted by national institutes, using the common ‘DGD methodology’ and coordinated by a team of the DGD and the PSI (Policy Studies Institute) in London. Two different approaches are followed in this Member States Study (MSSTUDY):(1) a ‘market approach’ (measuring the expenditures for EISs for professional purposes in the seventeen countries);(2) a ‘supplier approach’ (measuring the worldwide revenues of suppliers of EISs) for professional purposes from the seventeen countries). This paper presents some main results of the MSSTUDY, taking into consideration the methodological problems in gathering the data from the supply and demand sides of these markets and aggregating these data to a European picture.

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