Wild populations of a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi), were studied through 30-s instantaneous observational sampling to identify different canopy habitats used by this tamarin. Tree and shrub canopies were sampled in randomly selected plots and in nearby plots that tamarins were observed to use in the forests of Agua Clara, Panama (28 d, 59 100-m 2 plots, 32.25 h of tamarin observations, 27 tamarins in total), and in the nearby forests of Barro Colorado Island (49 d, 29 100-m 2 plots, 29.6 h of tamarin observations, 14 tamarins in total). Light penetration through the canopy, ambient temperature and humidity, presence of other primates, stem diameters, plant life-forms, distribution of woody flora, abundance of fleshy fruits and arthropods typically consumed by tamarins and abundance of thorny vegetation and biting arthropods in plots used by tamarins were compared with control plots. Habitats used by tamarins had significantly shorter distances between adjacent tree canopies and between canopies and the ground. There was a random distribution of large insects and fleshy fruits that tamarins are known to eat. Habitat selection by tamarins may not be influenced by spiny vegetation, but tamarins may avoid areas with abundant hooked thorns and blood-sucking arthropods. Mobility along runways in various tiers of a rain-forest canopy may be of primary importance, with local abundance of food being a secondary consideration in habitat selection by this small primate.
We measure how leg actions of cadaver monkeys are transferred within the hip-joint, and we compare physical femoral mobility of wild and captive monkeys in Panama, Costa Rica, and in zoological parks of California. We acquire leg movement data of howler, capuchin and spider monkeys with random 1 second digital photography during 4 months in Central America, and weekly visits for 2 months in California zoos (n=47 wild primates, 1879 focal events; 24 captive primates, 959 focal events). We employ computer software to objectively assess leg angle in regards to flexion, neutral and extension postures of the femur, relative to the hip socket. We apply leg action data to cadaver pelvises in primate bone collections at University of California, Davis, University of Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Our study reveals that extreme femoral action translates as high diversity of articular contacts within the primate hip joint, and that captive monkeys in artificial habitats have less femoral movements than wild monkeys, with statistical comparisons being: Full leg flexion P = 0.0012; Flexion P = 0.023; Ambulatory as in walking P = 0.075; Extension P = 0.002; and Full extension with leg in line with body P = 0.00011. We speculate that the primate body is built to move in extreme but non-traumatic, wide-ranging appendicular actions. Such movements may help to simulate peripheral articular cartilage, contributing to the longevity of joints, and perhaps extending the life of primates who move in this manner.
Movement ecology of arboreal monkeys in Central America involves the action of diverse body postures to address challenges in rain forests, where scattered resources and complex habitat structure demand that a primate frequently employ extreme physical finesse to survive. What is not clearly understood about this area of study is the connection between primate body postures as responses to specific types of forest architecture and how forest structure may influence a monkey's continued capacity for wide-ranging mobility over time. We studied tree canopy structure and branch connectivity associated with the movement ecology of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi), and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Panama and Costa Rica. Laboratory study of primate cadaver pelvises was done at UC Davis, Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Rain forests appear to induce wide-ranging leg movements in wild neotropical monkeys that were not observed in the same species of monkeys inhabiting artificial environments. We also found that a wild primate employs frequent wide-ranging leg movement that result in widely dispersed contacts between the articulating surfaces within the hip, potentially maintaining cartilage and contributing to the longevity of that joint. Thus, a connection may exist between rain forests, the leg action of wild monkeys, and the continued capacity to move over time in this group of long-lived animals. postures as responses to specific types of forest architecture and how forest structure may influence a monkey's continued capacity for wide-ranging mobility over time. We studied tree canopy structure and branch connectivity associated with the movement ecology of blackhanded spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi), and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Panama and Costa Rica. Laboratory study of primate cadaver pelvises was done at UC Davis, Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Rain forests appear to induce wide-ranging leg movements in wild neotropical monkeys that were not observed in the same species of monkeys inhabiting artificial environments. We also found that a wild primate employs frequent wide-ranging leg movement that result in widely dispersed contacts between the articulating surfaces within the hip, potentially maintaining cartilage and contributing to the longevity of that joint. Thus, a connection may exist between rain forests, the leg action of wild monkeys, and the continued capacity to move over time in this group of long-lived animals.PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1002v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |
We measure how leg actions of cadaver monkeys are transferred within the hip-joint, and we compare physical femoral mobility of wild and captive monkeys in Panama, Costa Rica, and in zoological parks of California. We acquire leg movement data of howler, capuchin and spider monkeys with random 1 second digital photography during 4 months in Central America, and weekly visits for 2 months in California zoos (n=47 wild primates, 1879 focal events; 24 captive primates, 959 focal events). We employ computer software to objectively assess leg angle in regards to flexion, neutral and extension postures of the femur, relative to the hip socket. We apply leg action data to cadaver pelvises in primate bone collections at University of California, Davis, University of Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Our study reveals that extreme femoral action translates as high diversity of articular contacts within the primate hip joint, and that captive monkeys in artificial habitats have less femoral movements than wild monkeys, with statistical comparisons being: Full leg flexion P = 0.0012; Flexion P = 0.023; Ambulatory as in walking P = 0.075; Extension P = 0.002; and Full extension with leg in line with body P = 0.00011. We speculate that the primate body is built to move in extreme but nontraumatic, wide-ranging appendicular actions. Such movements may help to simulate peripheral articular cartilage, contributing to the longevity of joints, and perhaps extending the life of primates who move in this manner.PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.727v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec:
Movement ecology of arboreal monkeys in Central America involves the action of diverse body postures to address challenges in rain forests, where scattered resources and complex habitat structure demand that a primate frequently employ extreme physical finesse to survive. What is not clearly understood about this area of study is the connection between primate body postures as responses to specific types of forest architecture and how forest structure may influence a monkey's continued capacity for wide-ranging mobility over time. We studied tree canopy structure and branch connectivity associated with the movement ecology of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi), and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Panama and Costa Rica. Laboratory study of primate cadaver pelvises was done at UC Davis, Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Rain forests appear to induce wide-ranging leg movements in wild neotropical monkeys that were not observed in the same species of monkeys inhabiting artificial environments. We also found that a wild primate employs frequent wide-ranging leg movement that result in widely dispersed contacts between the articulating surfaces within the hip, potentially maintaining cartilage and contributing to the longevity of that joint. Thus, a connection may exist between rain forests, the leg action of wild monkeys, and the continued capacity to move over time in this group of long-lived animals. postures as responses to specific types of forest architecture and how forest structure may influence a monkey's continued capacity for wide-ranging mobility over time. We studied tree canopy structure and branch connectivity associated with the movement ecology of blackhanded spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi), and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) inPanama and Costa Rica. Laboratory study of primate cadaver pelvises was done at UC Davis, Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Rain forests appear to induce wide-ranging leg movements in wild neotropical monkeys that were not observed in the same species of monkeys inhabiting artificial environments. We also found that a wild primate employs frequent wide-ranging leg movement that result in widely dispersed contacts between the articulating surfaces within the hip, potentially maintaining cartilage and contributing to the longevity of that joint. Thus, a connection may exist between rain forests, the leg action of wild monkeys, and the continued capacity to move over time in this group of long-lived animals.PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1002v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |
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