People all around the world suffer from liver diseases, which is a serious health problem. Purpose: To observe the synergistic effects of Silymarin and Cymbopogoncitratus stem infusion on liver in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Study Design: Laboratory-Based Randomized Control Trial. Methodology: Total forty adult rats were divided into four groups (10 each). Group 1 was taken as control group. After initial sampling at day 0, Acetaminophen (300 mg/kg) was injected to 30 rats via intra-peritoneal route. At day 8, rats were further divided into three groups. Group 2 was a disease control group. Group 3 was given Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and group 4 was treated with Silymarin (100 mg/kg) plus Cymbopogoncitratus stem infusion (130 mg/kg) through gavage method for fourteen days. At day 21, rats were sacrificed for histological examination after terminal sampling. Statistical Analysis: Mean± SEM was calculated and analyzed through SPSS 20. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Rats from group 2 showed marked elevation (p<0.05) in serum markers. There was marked sinusoidal dilatation and necrosis present in group 2 rats.Silymarinin group 3 and Silymarin plus Cymbopogoncitratus stem infusion in group 4 significantly lowered the biochemical enzymes as well as considerably reversed the histological changes in comparison to group 2 rats. Conclusion: We concluded in present study that synergism was observed in group 4 rats. There was more reversal of hepatic injury in group 4 rats. Key words: Cymbopogoncitratus, Silymarin and Synergism.
Aim: To assess the effect of Omeprazole at neuromuscular junction with and without Pancuronium. Study design: Experimental randomized control study. Place and duration of study: Department of Pharmacology, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from October 2018 to September 2019 Methods: In this experimental study both a student’s oscillograph and a cumulative dosage response curve were used to record the frog's rectus abdominis muscle contracting in response to acetylcholine (control group). Three groups' responses to omeprazole, both before and after adding pancuronium, were noted. The student's t test was used to conduct statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the groups, and a p-value of 0.05 or below was regarded as statistically significant. Results: By blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, omeprazole in a dose of 3.5 M concentration altered the curve to the right with a mean deviation of 23.7% (SEM ± 20.5). In the presence of 1 g of pancuronium, omeprazole likewise caused a shift of the curve to the right with a mean deviation of 37 percent (SEM ±10.5). The change demonstrated the agonistic impact of omeprazole on NMJ blockers like pancuronium at this concentration and was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Omeprazole in 3.5µM strength inhibits the effects of Acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction, however, it potentiates the effects of neuromuscular blockers like Pancuronium at same strength. Keywords: Acetylcholine, Neuromuscular Junction, Pancuronium, Omeprazole.
Sciatica, a musculoskeletal condition is a common cause of disability and early deaths, affecting millions of people globally. The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of different drug combinations for treatment of acute sciatica. It is a single-center, clinical trial with three arms, registered at Clinicaltrials.gov; (NCT05626140). Adults from 18-70 years of age were enrolled (n=130). Patients were placed in three groups each i.e. 40 in diclofenac plus placebo group, 40 in codeine plus diclofenac group and 40 in lacosamide plus diclofenac group and followed up for 15 days for change in mean pain scores using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Pairwise comparison assessed change from baseline in mean pain scores. The VAS mean pain scores with combination of lacosamide and diclofenac showed significant decrease from 7.785cm to 1.115cm. Codeine with diclofenac displayed a lesser decline of 7.43cm to 2.71cm while diclofenac monotherapy exhibited the least change from 7.50cm to 3.45cm. P value was significant (p < 0.001) for 10th and 15th day of follow up. Adequate analgesia was attained in all the three arms. In conclusion, combination of lacosamide with diclofenac showed clinical superiority in relieving symptoms of acute sciatica compared with diclofenac plus codeine or diclofenac monotherapy.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Rats are commonly used in experimental studies as they have a smaller body size, they are easily available, and their genetic profiles are similar to each other as compared to humans. Kidney pathologies are the result of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Parsley aqueous extract is rich in polyphenolic contents and has nephroprotective effects. The objective of this study is to observe the effects of ramipril and parsley leaves aqueous extract in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. METHODOLOGY: An Experimental study consisting of 40 healthy male albino rats were randomly distributed into two categories after taking samples for baseline values of urea and creatinine: Category 1 consisted of a control group (Group 1) having 10 rats, while category 2 comprised of 30 rats, divided into three experimental groups after being given intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin (80mg/kg) per day. Group 2 was taken as disease control, while group 3 and group 4 were parsley treated and ramipril treated for 28 days, respectively. Biochemical markers (serum urea and creatinine) were done at day 35. SPSS version 22 was applied for Statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine any difference in mean values. Post hoc tuckeys test was applied for multiple comparisons amongst groups. p<0.05 was measured as significant. RESULTS: The treatment decreased the levels of serum urea and creatinine in nephrotoxic rats in group 3 (parsley treated group) and group 4 (ramipril treated group) in comparison to group 2. Group 3 had significantly reduced biochemical markers (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Parsley leaves extract significantly reduced the serum urea and creatinine levels as compared to ramipril.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a global health problem expanding at an alarming rate and putting individuals at high risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Life style modification and drugs intervention can help achieve normal glucose levels. Aim &Objective: To compare the hypoglycemic activity of glimepiride and pioglitazone in a type 2 diabetes mellitus induced male mice model. Place & Duration of study: This study was carried out in the animal house of National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad from 7th November 2013 till 21st January 2014. Materials & Methods: Forty albino Balb/C male mice were divided randomly into groups I-IV (n=10). Group I served as normal control group. In rest of mice from group II-IV, type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by administration of high fat diet (HFD) for two weeks followed by low dose (40 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injections for four consecutive days. Group II served as the disease control group. Group III received Glimepiride in a dose of 2mg/kg body wt. while group IV was administered Pioglitazone in a dose of 30mg/kg body wt. Both the drugs were given orally once a day. Samples were taken at the end of ten weeks. Results: The blood samples estimated for fasting blood glucose (FBG) & glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c %) levels showed that both glimepiride and pioglitazone equally lowered the FBG and HbA1c% levels. However, pioglitazone lowered the FBG and HbA1c levels slightly more than Glimepride. Conclusion: Glimepiride and pioglitazone lowered the FBG and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes induced male mice with the later having slightly more reduction than Glimepride. Key words: Glimepiride, Pioglitazone, Streptozotocin, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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