Netiquettes are general rules and customs governing social and professional interactions that are considered acceptable. Objectives: To explore Teachers' perceptions of netiquette practices by undergraduate dental students during online classes in COVID-19 pandemic. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional Study. Methodology: Research was conducted in two leading private dental colleges of twin cities. Convenience sampling was done to obtain data. A self-constructed questionnaire comprising of open and close ended questions was disseminated to the dental faculty of both colleges through What’s App groups. Statistical analysis: SPSS software, v 21 analyzed data. Results: Responses from ninety-seven participants showed that students exhibited a casual attitude in online classes and showed lack of interest and motivation. Issues like absenteeism, distraction during classes and use of unfair means during exams were prevalent. Teachers were of the opinion that students should be guided properly on how to attend online classes and provided with constructive feedback. Faculty had a general idea about "netiquettes., however, there was a significant lack of formal knowledge regarding netiquette rules and standards. On account of this, most of the participants reported the lack of institutional guidelines for netiquette standards and practices. Therefore, a need for documented netiquettes policy in educational institutes was suggested. Conclusion: We concluded that accrediting bodies and medical institutions should formulate a policy of netiquette practices. Implementation of netiquette practices in the undergraduate curriculum is the need of time. Key Words: Netiquette Practices, Undergraduate Students, E-learning and Online Teaching.
Highest mortality rates are associated with acute myocardial infraction. It is recognized as leading cause of deaths globally. It is sequelae to the atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). There is a close relationship between the Apo lipoprotein B abundance and atherosclerosis. Objectives: To estimate the ApoB blood levels and its usefulness and to analyze the total cholesterol TC, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL/HDL and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ratios in AMI patients. Methods: It was a comparative cross-sectional study with statistical approach, conducted at Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. The study was conducted on the 53 males and 28 female attended the cardiovascular center of the hospital. The duration of the study was from December 2021 to May 2022. The convenient sampling technique was used for the sampling of the enrolled patients. The healthy patients were included in the control group. The tubidimetric method was laboratory analysis and for lipid profiling the Apolipoprotein B and enzymatic method was used. The SPSS version 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The ratio of males to females was 1.8:1. The Myocardial infarction range of the patients was selected from more than 31 years to 84 years. The 55 10 was the average age of the patients included in the study. However, 61 years of age was the median and the interquartile limit was 46 to 61 years for male patients, and for female patients was 49 to 68 years. Of 93 patients (6.5 %) the sufferers were of age lower than 40 years, 46 patients were smokers in the experimental group and in the control group, only 15 people were smokers. The 99 ± 17.8 was the mean level and SD of the experimental group. The moderate correlation was observed in the ApoB, non-HDL cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Conclusions: The moderate correlation between Apo B and non HDL-C and HDL-C were observed in the AMI patients. It was a complementary marker in the conventional lipid profiling
Objectives: To evaluate the protective role of silymarin against methotrexate(MTX) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Study design: Randomized controlled trial on animalmodel. Period: 06 months from March 2016 to August 2016. Settings: Department ofPharmacology and Therapeutics, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. Material and Methods:Thirty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=6). Group A received 0.2 mlnormal saline intraperitoneally served as control for MTX. Group B received 0.2 ml distilled waterorally for 7 days served as control for oral silymarin. Group C received single intraperitonealinjection of MTX 20 mg/kg. Group D received silymarin 25 mg/kg orally for seven days. GroupE received silymarin 25 mg/kg orally for 7 days with MTX 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally at day 4.Blood samples for measuring serum ALT (Alanine Transaminase), AST (Aspartate transaminase)and ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) along with liver samples for hepatic histological examinationwere taken after 24 hours of last dose. Results: Silymarin show hepatoprotective effect againstMTX induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Silymarin has hepatoprotective potential whenadministered along with MTX.
High plasma lipids interact with free radicals in human body leading to develop coronary artery disease. We in this study have compared hypolipidemic effects of Fenugreek, Curcuma Longa, and lemon. Study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore-Pakistan from January 2018 to May 2018. Ninety hyperlipidemic patients of age group 19 to 70 were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were diabetic, alcoholic additives, hypertensive patients and those whose kidney or liver functions were impaired. Consent was taken from all participants. Their base line lipid profile was taken in biochemistry laboratory of the hospital. They were divided in three groups i.e. 30 patients in each group. Group-I was advised to take 500 mg of Curcuma Longa (haldi) mixed in fresh milk without cream, thrice daily for two months. Group-II patients were advised to take 100 grams of Fenugreek leaves mixed with salad in each meal (thrice daily) for the period of two months. Group-III patients were advised to take 40 ml of fresh lemon juice mixed with 40 ml mineral water thrice daily for two months. They all were advised not to take heavy meal rich with any type of fat like junk food etc. One hour daily brisk walk was advised to all participants. 15 days follow up visit was scheduled for them. After two months their lipid profile was re-determined. When results were compiled and statistically analyzed by applying paired ‘t’ test, it revealed that Curcuma Longa decreased total cholesterol, TG, LDL cholesterol 16.10, 20.01, and 17.59 mg/dl respectively. Fenugreek decreased total cholesterol, TGs, and LDL cholesterol 14.70, 17.33, and 17.06 mg/dl respectively. Lemon in two months therapy decreased total cholesterol, TGs, and LDL cholesterol 15.45, 10.13, and 11.97 mg/dl respectively. None of the above mentioned herbs raised HDL cholesterol significantly. It was concluded from this research work that Curcuma Longa, Fenugreek leaves and Lemon are mild to moderately effective hypolipidemic herbs to lower total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol but have no potential to raise HDL cholesterol when analyzed biostatistically.
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