Lignin–carbohydrate complexes
(LCCs), a significant component
of plant cell walls, have been found to bear biological functionality
as antioxidants in food and as immunostimulants for living cell. In
this work, a lignin-rich and a carbohydrate-rich LCCs preparations
were isolated from bamboo residues (bamboo green and bamboo yellow).
Each preparation was characterized by chemical composition and LCCs
linkage types and quantities by high performance anion exchange chromatography
(HPAEC) and NMR technologies (quantitative 13C NMR and
2D-HSQC NMR). Furthermore, evaluation of each LCCs preparation’s
suitability as antioxidant and immunological substances were explored.
Antioxidant assays indicated that all the LCCs preparations exhibited
pronounced antioxidant activities for scavenging the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl
and hydroxyl radicals, while the lignin-rich LCCs outperformed the
carbohydrate-rich LCCs. Immunological analysis showed that carbohydrate-rich
LCCs could significantly inhibit the growth of breast tumor cells
(MCF-7), while lignin-rich LCCs could stimulate the growth of macrophage
cells (RAW 264.7). These results imply that LCCs extracted from bamboo
may be used as novel and natural antioxidants or immunostimulants.
The protective barrier effect of OMMT and the flame-inhibition effect of TAD jointly exerted a superior flame-retardant effect, resulting in sufficient flame-retardant effect on epoxy thermosets.
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