The herbs and herbal products added to the feed cure many diseases, promote growth, reduce stress, improve immunity and prevent infections in fish under culture. The addition of herbs and herbal products in fish diet is cheaper and environmental friendly with low side effect to the fish and consumers. Hence, their use as drugs in disease management in aquaculture is gaining popular. They are better than various antibiotics and vaccines used in the treatment of diseases. The present review highlights the importance of herbs and herbal products supplementation in fish feed for better fish production.
The present outdoor experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lapsi Choerospondias axillaris (Roxburgh, 1832) on haematological parameters in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Nepal. The lapsi fruits were obtained from local market of Kathmandu. The feeding trail was conducted for 90 days. About 270 trout with similar body weight (5±1g) were distributed randomly at the rate of 15 fishes per cage (1m3) into 18 cages placed in raceway pond. Six practical diets containing 40% protein were prepared as T1 (0.0 g kg-1) T2 (0.1 g kg-1), T3 (0.2 g kg-1), T4 (0.4 g kg-1), T5 (0.8 g kg-1) and T6 (1.6 g kg-1) supplemented by the ethanol extract of lapsi fruits along with other usual ingredients viz. fish meal, wheat flour and cod liver oil etc. At the end of the experiment the haematological parameters were measured. A significant difference (P< 0.05) in haematological parameters was observed between the treated diets fed groups to that of control diet fed group. Total erythrocytes count (RBC), Haematocrit (Hct), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), and erythrocyte indexes (MCV, MCH and MCHC) were found significantly higher in T4 (0.4 %) diet fed trout as compared to the control. A minimum of 0.4 % (0.4g kg-1) lapsi fruit extract in fish feeds gave more increase in haematological parameters of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Inclusion of lapsi fruit extract at 0.4 % concentration is therefore could be used effectively in aquaculture.
Today we live in a world where poverty, hunger and malnutrition are prevalent. It has been estimated that 14 per cent of the global population or 852 million people are going hungry and of these 690 million are in the Asia-Pacific region. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in both coastal and inland areas involving interventions in the rearing process to enhance production. It is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector and now accounts for 50 percent of the world's fish that is used for food. Fish contributes over 20 per cent of the animal protein intake for more than 2.6 billion people around the world. Hence, fish and fisheries make a major contribution to nutritional security and the fight against hunger and poverty in Asia. Immunostimulants known as immunostimulators are attractive substances that activate the immune system of humans and animals for prevention of diseases and improvement of the body's natural resistance to various viral and bacterial infections. These biologically active substances are the products derived from natural sources or synthetically made with different chemical properties and mechanisms of action. Lapsi, Choerospondias axillaris is indigenous fruit tree of Nepal found growing within 900-2000 m above sea level in many parts of the country. Native to Nepal hills (850-1900 m asl), the tree has also been reported from India, China, Thailand, Japan and Vietnam. Nepal is unique for processing and use of Lapsi fruits. Fruits are rich in vitamin C content, and are consumed fresh, pickled and processed for preparing a variety of sweet and sour, tasty food products locally called as Mada and candy. It is grown in 301 village Development committees of 29 hill districts of Nepal for some socio-economic purpose. Like other medicinal fruits, lapsi also act as immunostimulants and enhance the immunity of fish during aquaculture.
The study assesses the diversity of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal focusing their species richness altitudinally and seasonally. Ants were sampled from June 2018 to February 2019using pitfall traps, bait traps and hand collection methods covering an altitudinal range from 1500 m to 2700 m in five selected sites (1500 m, 1800 m, 2100 m,2400 m, and 2700 m). A total of 1443 specimens representing four subfamilies, 12genera and 18 morph species were collected. Formicinae (57.58%) was recorded as the most abundant subfamily followed by Myrmicinae (38.53%), Ponerinae (2.21%) and Pseudomyrmicinae (1.66%). Camponotus was the most speciose (4morphospecies) genus and was most abundant in all seasons. The highest Similarity index (0.667) was recorded between the first and second sites among five sites. Species richness (16), Shannon diversity index (1.504) and abundance (631) were the highest in autumn. Similarly, species richness (12), Shannon diversity index (1.399) and species evenness (0.563) were recorded highest at 2100 m altitude, while species abundance (519) was maximum at 1500 m.
Labeo rohita lacks the enzyme for endogenous synthesis of vitamin C and lapsi fruits are rich in vitamin C. A study was conducted to examine the concentration of vitamin C in the blood serum, brain and liver of L. rohita through lapsi fruits extract supplemented in the diets. Six groups of L. rohita were fed experimental diets containing lapsi fruits extract supplemented at 0 mg kg −1 (D1), 100 mg kg −1 (D2), 200 mg kg −1 (D3), 400 mg kg −1 (D4), 800 mg kg −1 (D5) and 1600 mg kg −1 (D6) for 90 days. Growth parameters (WG, SGR and FCR) and Vitamin C concentration in blood serum, brain and liver were evaluated during the experimental trial. Carps fed with a lapsi fruits extract supplemented diet showed higher specific growth rate (SGR) compared with control diet fed carps. Results from this study help to establish the beneficial effect of vitamin C rich lapsi fruits on growth and immunmodulation in rohu. It can be concluded that lapsi fruits extract supplemented diet can be used to improve the immune system of L. rohita as indicated by enhancement of vitamin C in the serum, brain and the liver.
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