Background
Intimal hyperplasia caused by vascular injury is an important pathological process of many vascular diseases, especially occlusive vascular disease. In recent years, Nano-drug delivery system has attracted a wide attention as a novel treatment strategy, but there are still some challenges such as high clearance rate and insufficient targeting.
Results
In this study, we report a biomimetic ROS-responsive MM@PCM/RAP nanoparticle coated with macrophage membrane. The macrophage membrane with the innate “homing” capacity can superiorly regulate the recruitment of MM@PCM/RAP to inflammatory lesion to enhance target efficacy, and can also disguise MM@PCM/RAP nanoparticle as the autologous cell to avoid clearance by the immune system. In addition, MM@PCM/RAP can effectively improve the solubility of rapamycin and respond to the high concentration level of ROS accumulated in pathological lesion for controlling local cargo release, thereby increasing drug availability and reducing toxic side effects.
Conclusions
Our findings validate that the rational design, biomimetic nanoparticles MM@PCM/RAP, can effectively inhibit the pathological process of intimal injury with excellent biocompatibility.
Graphical Abstract
Conventional orthopedic/dental implants
can trigger foreign body
reactions and are vulnerable to biocontamination because of the lack
of suitable surface functions from natural biointerfaces, which may
lead to inflammation, infection, and subsequent poor osseointegration
and implant failure. Instead of attempting to synthetically replicate
the sophisticated biointerface properties, directly utilizing natural
cell membranes to bestow implant surfaces with integrated functions
is a promising strategy to avoid implant failure. This study presents
a facile general strategy for fabricating a controllable (patterned)
and bioactive cell membrane-based coating for orthopedic/dental implants
at the macroscopic level by leveraging a polyphenol layer (poly(tannic
acid)) as an intermediate to bind the cell membranes to the implant
surface. The poly(tannic acid) layer provides significant immobilization
and stability for the cell membrane layer on the implant surface.
This homogeneous cell membrane-based coating presents excellent antibiofouling
capabilities, which can effectively prevent the nonspecific adsorption
of model proteins (bovine serum albumin, fibrinogen, and lysozyme)
and bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Additionally, it exhibits
excellent biocompatibility and macrophage immunoregulatory capacity
and can potentially decrease the risk of implant infection. This technique
can be applied to diverse cell types and implants for better implant
integration because of the high cell affinity of polyphenols.
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