BackgroundWorldwide, one-seventh of cervical cancers occur in China, which lacks a national screening program. By evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of self-collected cervicovaginal specimens tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA (Self-HPV testing) in China, we sought to determine whether Self-HPV testing may serve as a primary cervical cancer screening method in low-resource settings.MethodsWe compiled individual patient data from five population-based cervical cancer–screening studies in China. Participants (n = 13 140) received Self-HPV testing, physician-collected cervical specimens for HPV testing (Physician-HPV testing), liquid-based cytology (LBC), and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Screen-positive women underwent colposcopy and confirmatory biopsy. We analyzed the accuracies of pooled Self-HPV testing, Physician-HPV testing, VIA, and LBC to detect biopsy-confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe (CIN2+) and CIN3+. All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsOf 13 004 women included in the analysis, 507 (3.9%) were diagnosed as CIN2+, 273 (2.1%) as CIN3+, and 37 (0.3%) with cervical cancer. Self-HPV testing had 86.2% sensitivity and 80.7% specificity for detecting CIN2+ and 86.1% sensitivity and 79.5% specificity for detecting CIN3+. VIA had statistically significantly lower sensitivity for detecting CIN2+ (50.3%) and CIN3+ (55.7%) and higher specificity for detecting CIN2+ (87.4%) and CIN3+ (86.9%) (all P values < .001) than Self-HPV testing, LBC had lower sensitivity for detecting CIN2+ (80.7%, P = .015), similar sensitivity for detecting CIN3+ (89.0%, P = .341), and higher specificity for detecting CIN2+ (94.0%, P < .001) and CIN3+ (92.8%, P < .001) than Self-HPV testing. Physician-HPV testing was more sensitive for detecting CIN2+ (97.0%) and CIN3+ (97.8%) but similarly specific for detecting CIN2+ (82.7%) and CIN3+ (81.3%) (all P values <.001) than Self-HPV testing.ConclusionsThe sensitivity of Self-HPV testing compared favorably with that of LBC and was superior to the sensitivity of VIA. Self-HPV testing may complement current screening programs by increasing population coverage in settings that do not have easy access to comprehensive cytology-based screening.

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Objective This study aims to evaluate HPV viral load as a biomarker for triage into colposcopy and CIN2 therapy, in order to reduce the colposcopy referral rate and CIN2 over treatment in low resource settings. Methods In 1999, 1997 women aged 35–45 in Shanxi, China, received six cervical screenings with pathological confirmation. In 2005, 1461 histologically normal women, 99 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 (CIN1), and 30 with CIN grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) were rescreened in a follow-up study. HPV was detected by Hybrid Capture 2. Viral load, estimated by the ratio of relative light units to standard positive control, was categorized into four groups: negative (<1.0), low (≥1.0, <10.0), moderate (≥10.0, <100.0) and high (≥100.0). We estimated cumulative incidence of CIN2+ by viral load subgroups and calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for CIN2+ using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Cumulative incidence of CIN2+ increased with baseline HPV viral load among normal women and women with CIN1 at baseline (P-trend<0.001). Repeat moderate-high viral load was associated with the highest risk for CIN2+ (aHR=188.8, 95% confidence interval: 41.2–864.1). Raising the RLU/PC cutoff from 1.0 to 10.0 for colposcopy greatly reduced the referral rate from 18.1% to 12.9%. It also increased the specificity (84.8% vs. 90.4%), the positive predictive value (22.5% vs. 28.9%), and the positive likelihood ratio (6.4 vs. 8.9), yet with loss of the sensitivity by 12% (97.6% vs. 85.7%). Among women with CIN2 at baseline, 56% regressed to normal, 24% regressed to CIN1, 4% remained CIN2, and 16% progressed to CIN3+. Conclusions Locales using HPV testing as the primary screening method, and lacking high-quality cytology-based screening, should consider viral load as an alternative to colposcopy triage for women over age 35. Viral load may also predict CIN2 progression until additional biomarkers become available.

Tourism is the world's largest industry. With the continuous development of tourism, the impact on the environment is constantly emerging, including both negative and positive aspects. Tourism transportation, tourist attraction and tourist hotel have negative effects on the environment, such as tourism traffic pollution, tourists' uncivilized behavior and high energy consumption of hotels. At the same time, tourism also has improved infrastructure construction and enhanced environmental awareness positive effect on the environment. To ensure the coordinated development of environment and tourism is of great significance for the realization of sustainable development. Promote the coordinated development of environment and tourism through measures such as strengthen legislation and law enforcement to reduce energy consumption, enhanced environmental protection, increase financial input, strengthen environmental protection education and constituting scientific and reasonable ecotourism programming.

BackgroundControversy remains whether a pattern of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia exists on the cervix. Our study aims at determining if the prevalence of histologically proven lesions differs by cervical four-quadrant location or by 12 o'clock surface locations of diagnosis.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, histopathological study of 19 different population based cervical cancer screening studies from 1999 to 2010 by Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. The Institutional Review Board for human research subjects at CHCAMS approved all of the studies. During the colposcopy procedure, participant received either 4-quadrant biopsy or directed biopsy with/without endocervical curettage. Data of all samples were stratified by the methods of sampling. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine overall distribution of normal/CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3+ on the cervix.ResultsIn total, 53,088 cervical samples were included in distribution analysis. 66.9 % samples were obtained by random biopsy, 16.1 % were by directed biopsy, and 17.0 % were by endocervical curettage. 95.9%of the biopsied samples were diagnosed as normal/CIN1, 2.0 % were CIN2, and 2.1 % were CIN3 + . CIN2 and CIN3+ were most often found in quadrants 2 and 3 (χKW2 = 46.6540, p < 0.0001) and at the 4- and 7-o'clock positions by directed biopsy (ORCIN2 = 2.572, 1.689, ORCIN3+ = 3.481, 1.678, respectively), and at the 5-, 6-, 7-, 9- and 12-o’clock positions by random biopsy. CIN3+ was least often found at the 11-o’clock position by directed biopsy (OR = 0.608).ConclusionsOur results suggest a predisposition of specific locations on the cervix to CIN occurrence. Quadrants 2 and 3, especially the 4- and 7-o’clock positions should be preferentially targeted during biopsy. The decision for random biopsy should be reconsidered in future studies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1494-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

At present, as the increasing of ultra-large structures, the contradiction that domestic lifting equipments can not meet the requirement of ultra-large structure’s lifting has become increasingly prominent. Based on the need of ultra-large steel structures (offshore oil platforms) jack-up, using strength theory and finite element analysis, a hydraulic continuous jack-up system for ultra-large structures’ jack-up was studied in this article. A new control system, which combines mechanics, hydraulics and electrics, was presented. More particularly, the modules of speed control and multi-cylinder synchronous control for the ultra-large structure’s lifting was designed. In the WINCC environment, a human-computer interface (control software) was developed by VB to achieve the system's real time monitoring and synchronization control. All movements of the jack-up system could be controlled through the software. To conclude, the jack-up system consists of two parts: the mechanical support structures and the control system. The former can assure great height (10m or more) jack-up, and the later can accomplish multi-point (more than 4 points) synchronous jack-up.

This paper presents the method to perform cutting of welding groove for intersecting of pipes at small angle during Liwan 3-1 CEP jacket fabrication. The mathematical model of the intersecting pipes as well as the cutting method for transition section have been studied using the principle of geometry, which enables fabrication team to print out the full scale template drawing to guide cutting of welding groove for intersecting of braces at small angle. This method has been fully tested during LW3-1 jacket fabrication which indicated that the welding groove can meet the requirements of AWS D1.1 code and the method can be adopted for future jacket construction.

The structure needs to be lifted-off from the ground during the weighing progress. For that the weighing fulcrum and the building fulcrum are different and the building fulcrum is fewer usually and the weighing system has some asynchronism during the lifting process of the structure, it is very important to measure the stress of the key points of the structure during the weighing progress. The paper uses finite element analysis to get the stress sensitive of the weighing device while weighing and uses the optical fiber sensor technology to measure the dynamic stress. Through the experiment with the weighing test bench show that the optical fiber sensor technology has a clear advantage to the traditional resistance strain gauge technique.