Different susceptibility testing methods for polymyxins show great variation in their results and BMD using glass-coated plates can be considered the best candidate for gold standard.

found in 4.4% of hospital admissions and 6% of general practitioner consultations. [2] The increase in the antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, mainly in hospitals and in the community, poses a serious issue worldwide, thereby, causing difficulty in the control measures and necessitating abundant resources and expenditure for the same. [3] Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative aerobic rod, which belongs to the family Pseudomonadaceae. It is an opportunistic pathogen and the predominant causative agent in nosocomial infections. It is also considered as the most challenging pathogen worldwide, because of its high rate of resistance to antimicrobial agent. [4] P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with inherent resistance to many antibiotics and disinfectants, including antipseudomonal penicillins, ceftazidime, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and ciprofloxacin. Globally, the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains prevalent in hospitals and community create Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and is the predominant causative agent in nosocomial infections. Resistance to nearly all the available antibiotics has been shown by P. aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) is the most important source of concern in hospital-acquired infections. Objective:To determine the prevalence of bacterial infection and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Materials and Methods:This study comprised 270 patients (151 treated as inpatients and 119 as outpatients). Sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were subjected to gram staining, bacterial culture, and antibiotic sensitivity for bacterial isolates as per standard techniques.Result: The growth of pathogens was obtained from 55.9% of inpatients and 44% of outpatients. P. aeruginosa (25.2%) was the major organism isolated from hospitalized patients, whereas Moraxella catarrhalis (6.93%) was the most common pathogen isolated from outpatients. Imipenem was found to be the most effective antibiotic against P. aeruginosa.Conclusion: These findings focused on careful consideration for monitoring of antimicrobial use in order to reduce the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogen.

Background Both cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis are characterized by permanent bronchial dilation, impaired mucociliary clearance, and development of chronic colonization and infection. Although the major airway microbiota in both CF and non-CF bronchiectasis may be similar, there are some differences in clinical and microbiologic features. There may also be differences in antibiotic susceptibility patterns between the CF and non-CF populations. Therefore, analysis and comparison of the microbiota and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in CF bronchiectasis versus non-CF bronchiectasis would help to improve the management of both conditions. Methods Two authors will independently search the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and LIVIVO, for studies reporting bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract in adults and children diagnosed with bronchiectasis in either CF or non-CF. We will include studies examining any respiratory tract specimen, using conventional bacterial culture or other specialized techniques such as molecular methods. We will also examine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in people with CF bronchiectasis versus non-CF bronchiectasis. The authors will independently assess the risk of bias in each included study using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). We will present the data with descriptive statistics and provide pooled estimates of outcomes, wherever it is feasible to perform meta-analysis. Heterogeneity in studies will be explored by visual inspection of forest plots as well as using the Higgins and Thompson I2 method. We will contact the corresponding authors of studies where data is/are missing and try to obtain the missing data. We will undertake sensitivity analysis to explore the impact of study quality and subgroup analysis based on pre-set criteria. We will prepare a summary of findings’ table and assess the confidence in the evidence using the GRADE methodology. Discussion To date, there are no locally applicable evidence-based guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of non-CF bronchiectasis patients. In general, treatment is based on extrapolation of evidence in people with CF bronchiectasis. An insight into the microbiota and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the two conditions would facilitate appropriate rather than empiric antimicrobial therapy and hopefully reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance created by rampant usage of antibiotics. Systematic review registration The protocol has been registered in PROSPERO on July 26, 2020 (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020193859).

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Background Both cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis are characterized by permanent bronchial dilation, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance and development of chronic infections. Although the core airway microbiota in both CF and non-CF bronchiectasis may be similar, particular satellite microbes are associated with specific conditions. Moreover, there are several factors, which may be responsible for the disparity in antibiotic susceptibility profile between the CF and non-CF populations. Hence comparing the microbiota and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in CF bronchiectasis with non-CF bronchiectasis would aid in improved management of both the conditions. Methods Two authors will independently search the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE for studies reporting bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract determined by examination of any respiratory tract specimen, by conventional bacterial culture or specialized techniques; and/or antimicrobial susceptibility testing in adults and children diagnosed with bronchiectasis in either CF subjects or non-CF subjects. The authors will independently assess the risk of bias for each included study using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). We will present the data with descriptive statistics and provide pooled estimates of outcome parameters, wherever it is feasible to perform meta-analysis using a random effects model. Heterogeneity in studies will be explored by visual inspection of forest plot as well as using the Higgins and Thompson I2 method. We will contact the corresponding authors of studies where data is/are missing and try to obtain the missing data. Discussion To date, there are no locally applicable evidence-based guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of non-CF bronchiectasis patients. In general, treatment in non-CF bronchiectasis is based on extrapolation of clinical trials done in subjects with CF bronchiectasis. An insight into the microbiota and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against specific organisms in both the conditions would facilitate appropriate rather than empiric therapy, and hopefully reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance created by rampant usage of antibiotics. Therefore, this systematic review is being undertaken to compare the respiratory tract colonization and antibacterial susceptibility pattern in people with cystic fibrosis versus non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Systematic review registration: The protocol was submitted for publication in PROSPERO on June 26, 2020 (PROSPERO ID: 193859).

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