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Purpose:To study the utility and predictive ability of newer macular hole (MH) indices for closure following surgery.Methods:In this retrospective study, pre- and post-operative optical coherence tomography images of 49 eyes with idiopathic full-thickness MH were reviewed and analysed. Various quantitative parameters of MH like maximum outer diameter (OD), minimum diameter between edges, height, nasal and temporal arm lengths, macular hole angle were noted. Indices including hole form factor, Macular Hole Index, (MHI), Diameter Hole Index (DHI) and Tractional Hole Index (THI) were calculated. Newer area indices like macular hole area index (MAI), cystoid space area index (MCSAI) and tissue area index (MTAI) were calculated using Image J (Ver. 1.51). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and cut-off values were derived for indices predicting type 1 or type 2 closure. Stepwise regression analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were carried out to predict the chances of hole closure.Results:ROC curve analysis showed indices like MHI, THI and MCSAI were capable of successfully predicting type 1 closure while OD, DHI and MAI predicted type 2 closure. On stepwise regression analysis, MAI was identified as the most important index in predicting the type of hole closure. Using the binary logistic regression analysis, the predictive ability of the model to identify success or failure following MH surgery was 89.7% and 80% respectively.Conclusion:MAI measurement could be used as a single important index in predicting hole closure in idiopathic MH. Further research is required to study this area index in detail.

The effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae) bark and fruit aqueous extracts on paraquat-and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress was investigated using liver slice culture. Both paraquat and hydrogen peroxide were found to be cytotoxic as measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase from liver slice culture. Addition of bark and fruit extracts along with these cytotoxic agents led to a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase release. Activities of three antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase, were found to increase on treatment with these prooxidants. Addition of the plant extracts along with the pro-oxidants suppressed the enzyme activities. The extracts also displayed antioxidant activity in in vitro radical scavenging assays. Results indicate that Gmelina bark and fruit extracts protected liver slice culture cells by alleviating oxidative stress-induced damage to liver cells.

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Background To examine the retinal structure–vascular-function relationship using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in myopia. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study comprising 86 eyes of 45 individuals with varying axial lengths and spherical equivalents and no posterior segment abnormalities. All eyes underwent optical coherence tomography with the Spectralis SD-OCT and OCTA with RTVue-XR Avanti; Optovue. Individual macular retinal layer thicknesses and flow areas and vessel densities were measured on OCT and OCTA, respectively. Linear correlations were made between the macular layer thicknesses, flow areas and vessel densities with axial length, spherical equivalent and visual acuity. Results The participants’ mean ages were 33.34 ± 14.45 years, mean spherical equivalent refractions were − 7.17 ± 5.71 D and axial lengths were 25.95 ± 2.41 mm. There were significant positive correlations of foveal angle (r = 0.757, p = 0.001), inner retinal (r = 0.764, p = 0.001) and outer plexiform layer (r = 0.771, p = 0.001) thickness on OCT and vessel densities in deep capillary plexus (r = 0.313, p = 0.003) on OCTA with axial length and negative correlations with spherical equivalents and visual acuity. Significant negative correlations of outer nuclear layer (r = − 0.560, p = 0.03) and photoreceptor outer segment layer thickness (r = − 0.856, p < 0.001) were noted on OCT with axial length and positive correlations with spherical equivalents and visual acuity. Conclusion The lateral retinal stretching in myopia could possibly explain the correlation between retinal layer thickness, vascular density and visual acuity in these eyes. Further research is required to investigate this.

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