The skin microbiome and the gut-skin axis

Sinha, Shivani; Lin, Gloria H. Y.; Ferenczi, Katalin

doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.08.021

Cited by 65 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…The history of microbiome research from the 1670 discovery of microorganisms by Anthony van Leuwenhoek, the ''Father of Microbiology,'' until the present day [of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a 2007 extension of the Human Genome Project)] highlights how a person's microbiome is critical for immune system development, function, and homeostasis for health [3][4][5]. This is to say, various studies have shown the human gut microbiome to be a potential controller of wellness and disease, including skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis [5][6][7][8], whereas dysbiosis (altered composition of microbes has a cascading impact on the immune system) can contribute to the susceptibility to infectious disease and chronic illness among human organ systems [4][5][6][7][8]. For example, dysbiosis is associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to DNA repair mechanisms [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is to say, various studies have shown the human gut microbiome to be a potential controller of wellness and disease, including skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis [5][6][7][8], whereas dysbiosis (altered composition of microbes has a cascading impact on the immune system) can contribute to the susceptibility to infectious disease and chronic illness among human organ systems [4][5][6][7][8]. For example, dysbiosis is associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to DNA repair mechanisms [4][5][6][7][8]. The results from the Human Microbiome Project revealed that there are approximately 2,000,000 microbial genes, approximately 100 times the 20,000 human genes [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, dysbiosis is associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to DNA repair mechanisms [4][5][6][7][8]. The results from the Human Microbiome Project revealed that there are approximately 2,000,000 microbial genes, approximately 100 times the 20,000 human genes [4][5][6][7][8]. From another perspective, the human body contains trillions of microorganisms outnumbering human cells by ten to one.…”

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From another perspective, the human body contains trillions of microorganisms outnumbering human cells by ten to one. Because of their small size, microorganisms make up only about 1-3% of the body's mass (in a 200-pound adult, that is 2-6 pounds of bacteria) [4][5][6][7]. Among the microbes present in humans there are *1400 known species of human pathogens (including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths), and although this may seem like a large number, human pathogens account for much less than 1% of the total number of microbial species on the planet [9].…”

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi are found among the skin and gut microbiota [4][5][6][7][8]. The skin and gut microbiome is usually dominated by bacteria, which are 3.5 billion years old [5][6][7][8], being the first members of the family tree of life of all living things on Earth [12,13]. In general, the gut microbiome is more abundant and diverse compared to aggregate cutaneous tissue sites [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: The Microbiota and Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Estrogen Action and Gut Microbiome Metabolism in Dermal Health

Lephart

Naftolin²

2022

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)

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Emerging scientific advances in microbial research linking estrogens and the gut-skin microbiome in reference to dermal health are featured in this narrative review of journal reports and reviews from January 2018 through February 2022. Background information on advances in microbial research along with defining the microbiota and microbiome is presented in brief. The development of and factors that influence the gut microbiome in health and disease as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the skin microbiome and skin aging are summarized. New information on the development and changes of organ microbiomes have exposed similarities between skin and gut structure/function, microbial components/diversity/taxonomy and how they impact the immune response for combating disease and enhancing wellness. Estrogens promote health and support homeostasis in general and directly impact dermal health. Moreover, the gut, based upon the level of the microbial enzyme b-glucuronidase, which regulates estrogen's enterohepatic recirculation, constitutes a gut-skin microbial axis. This axis revolves around the systemically available estrogen to support immune function, counteract inflammation and oxidative stress, and decrease the risk of hormone-dependent skin cancers. These data support the direct effect of estrogens on skin health and the interaction of diet on dermal health via effects on the gut microflora. Finally, the potential for bioactive botanicals containing phytoestrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to evade the effects of gut b-glucuronidase expressing flora is proposed that may have a positive impact on skin.

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Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advances In Microbial Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Microbiota and Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Estrogen Action and Gut Microbiome Metabolism in Dermal Health

Lephart

Naftolin²

2022

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)

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Gut microbiome influences incidence and outcomes of breast cancer by regulating levels and activity of steroid hormones in women

2023

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BackgroundBreast cancer, the leading cancer type in women worldwide, is affected by reproductive and nonreproductive factors. Estrogen and progesterone influence the incidence and progression of breast cancer. The microbiome of the gut, a complex organ that plays a vital role in digestion and homeostasis, enhances availability of estrogen and progesterone in the host. Thus, an altered gut microbiome may influence the hormone‐induced breast cancer incidence. This review describes the current understanding of the roles of gut microbiome in influencing the incidence and progression of breast cancer, with an emphasis on the microbiome‐induced metabolism of estrogen and progesterone.Recent FindingsMicrobiome has been recognized as a promising hallmark of cancer. Next‐generation sequencing technologies have aided in rapid identification of components of the gut microbiome that are capable of metabolizing estrogen and progesterone. Moreover, studies have indicated a wider role of the gut microbiome in metabolizing chemotherapeutic and hormonal therapy agents and reducing their efficacy in patients with breast cancer, with a predominant effect in postmenopausal women.ConclusionThe gut microbiome and variations in its composition significantly alter the incidence and therapy outcomes of patients with breast cancer. Thus, a healthy and diverse microbiome is required for better response to anticancer therapies. Finally, the review emphasizes the requirement of studies to elucidate mechanisms that may aid in improving the gut microbiome composition, and hence, survival outcomes of patients with breast cancer.

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