No abstract

Background and Aims Roads as corridors of seed or fruit spatial dispersal have major impacts on the establishment and spread of invasive species, but their precise role in population genetic variation remains poorly understood. The South American weed Mikania micrantha has spread rapidly across southern China since its introduction to the Shenzhen area in 1984. This study investigated how its genetic diversity is distributed along highways, and whether highways have acted as corridors for the rapid expansion of M. micrantha.Methods Twenty-seven roadside populations were sampled along four highways in southern China, and 787 samples were examined using 12 microsatellite markers. Variation in genetic diversity among populations was quantified and patterns of genetic differentiation were analysed.Key Results A high level of genetic diversity was found at both the species and the population levels in this selfincompatible plant (expected heterozygosity ¼ 0Á497 and 0Á477, respectively; allelic richness ¼ 2Á580 and 2Á521, respectively). The Wright F-statistic value among populations (0Á044, P < 0Á01) and the analysis of molecular variance (91 % of genetic variation residing within populations, 9 % among populations within highways and 0 % among the four highways) showed a relatively low level of genetic differentiation among populations, while the principal coordinate and cluster analyses also indicated a lack of clear geographical genetic structure among populations. The calculated N m value of 5Á5 signifies strong gene flow.Conclusions The pattern of genetic variation is consistent with facilitated dispersal along highways. The genetic admixtures among the roadside populations imply the occurrence of multiple population introductions during colonization. The long-distance dispersal of seeds associated with vehicular transportation on highways may have played important roles in shaping the genetic variation. This finding highlights the importance of highways as corridors for the spread of M. micrantha in southern China.

Ma JW, Geng SL, Wang SB, Zhang GL, Fu WD & Shu B (2011). Genetic diversity of the newly invasive weed Flaveria bidentis (Asteraceae) reveals consequences of its rapid range expansion in northern China. Weed Research51, 363–372. Summary The South American weed Flaveria bidentis has spread rapidly across northern China since its introduction to the Tianjin area in 2001. To explore its introduction dynamics and mechanism of rapid range expansion in northern China, we examined genetic diversity in 26 populations across the invaded range, using inter‐simple sequence repeat markers. We found relatively high intraspecies genetic diversity (He = 0.279; I = 0.415) and wide‐ranging genetic variation within populations (He = 0.095–0.263; I = 0.160–0.383), with relatively high genetic diversity in both older established populations and some newly established populations. Approximately 78% of genetic variation resides within populations, according to analysis of molecular variance. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustered populations into two groups, composed of most populations distributed along the G106 or G107 National Roads. Moreover, a Mantel test showed no significant correlation between geographical and genetic distances. The findings indicate that during F. bidentis invasion, sexual reproduction and multiple introductions have maintained high genetic diversity, while secondary introductions or admixtures of populations have mitigated losses of genetic variation caused by founder events and promoted local adaptation and colonisation. In addition, human‐mediated long‐distance seed dispersal, via National Roads, may have contributed to its weak geographical genetic structure and rapid range expansion in northern China. To prevent further introductions, imports should be monitored at Tianjin (the likely first arrival point). To control established populations, efforts should focus on populations with high genetic diversity, populations along the G106 and G107 National Roads and regions that are climatically similar to its native range.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Mesona chinensis Benth. is a herbal plant with both edible and medicinal values. Thirty-four populations of M. chinensis in southern China were examined to quantify their morphological and phytochemical characteristics. The results showed that the populations differed significantly (p < 0.01) in each of the morphological and phytochemical characteristics. The morphological characteristics showed wide variation among populations, with CV values ranging from 15.76% to 54.18%. The herbage yield was mainly positively correlated with a number of stem traits. The cluster analysis showed that the populations belong to two major groups. Both total phenolic (TPh) contents and total flavonoid (TF) contents respectively ranged from 5.49 to 18.44 and 5.06 to 11.47 mg.g −1 among populations. Antioxidant activity, evaluated by means of ABTS (2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays, ranged from 63.91 to 223.41 and 30.35 to 137.84 mmol Trolox equivalents.g −1 , respectively, among populations. Significant positive correlations were found between antioxidant activity and TF contents, TPh contents, and total polysaccharide (TP) contents. Most of the 34 populations were rich in polysaccharides, while GD-6, GD-12, GD-3, GD-8, JX-6, and FJ-1 had the highest TP content in turn. Based on comprehensive grey correlation analysis, GD-1, GD-2, GD-8, FJ-6, FJ-3, FJ-2, JX-6, GD-7, JX-3, and JX-2 were the best performers for production and quality of M. chinensis in southern China.

Background The objective response rate of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients with first-line anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) monotherapy is only 40–45%. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables unbiased analysis of the full variety of cells comprising the tumor microenvironment. Thus, we used scRNA-seq to assess differences among microenvironment components between therapy-resistant and therapy-sensitive groups in MSI-H/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) mCRC. Resistance-related cell types and genes identified by this analysis were subsequently verified in clinical samples and mouse models to further reveal the molecular mechanism of anti-PD-1 resistance in MSI-H or dMMR mCRC. Methods The response of primary and metastatic lesions to first-line anti-PD-1 monotherapy was evaluated by radiology. Cells from primary lesions of patients with MSI-H/dMMR mCRC were analyzed using scRNA-seq. To identify the marker genes in each cluster, distinct cell clusters were identified and subjected to subcluster analysis. Then, a protein‒protein interaction network was constructed to identify key genes. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were applied to verify key genes and cell marker molecules in clinical samples. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting were performed to examine the expression of IL-1β and MMP9. Moreover, quantitative analysis and sorting of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD8+ T cells were performed using flow cytometry. Results Tumor responses in 23 patients with MSI-H/dMMR mCRC were evaluated by radiology. The objective response rate was 43.48%, and the disease control rate was 69.57%. ScRNA-seq analysis showed that, compared with the treatment-resistant group, the treatment-sensitive group accumulated more CD8+ T cells. Experiments with both clinical samples and mice indicated that infiltration of IL-1β-driven MDSCs and inactivation of CD8+ T cells contribute to anti-PD-1 resistance in MSI-H/dMMR CRC. Conclusions CD8+ T cells and IL-1β were identified as the cell type and gene, respectively, with the highest correlation with anti-PD-1 resistance. Infiltration of IL-1β-driven MDSCs was a significant factor in anti-PD-1 resistance in CRC. IL-1β antagonists are expected to be developed as a new treatment for anti-PD-1 inhibitor resistance.