There are conflicting data regarding the role of interleukin (IL)-17 in periodontal health and disease. However, IL-18 levels are known to increase with the severity of periodontal disease. The present study was performed to explore the role of these proinflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease progression, and also to clarify the effect of periodontal treatment on their concentration. Sixty age- and gender-matched subjects were divided into three groups each consisting of 20 subjects on the basis of gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and radiological parameters (bone loss): healthy (group 1), gingivitis (group 2) and chronic periodontitis (group 3), while group 3 patients after treatment constituted group 4. GCF samples collected from all the groups were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to estimate the levels of IL-17 and IL-18. IL-18 levels in GCF increased proportionally with the severity of periodontal disease, and decreased after treatment. However, IL-17 levels in GCF were nearly zero. Since our data indicate an absence of IL-17 in GCF, it cannot be considered as a biomarker of periodontal disease progression, at least in Indian populations. However, IL-18 appears to be a good inflammatory biomarker.
Substance-P levels were highest in the gingival crevicular fluid from sites with periodontal destruction; however, periodontal treatment resulted in the reduction of Substance-P levels. Gingival crevicular fluid and plasma Substance-P levels showed a positive correlation in all of the groups.
The substantial increase in GCF LTB(4) concentrations with the severity of periodontal disease and a concomitant decrease in its level following SRP in subjects with periodontitis suggest a possible role for LTB(4) in the progression of periodontal disease.
Neopterin increased in parallel with the severity of inflammatory disease. Its levels in GCF may be potentially useful as an indicator of periodontal inflammation and the host response.
The results showed that all the gingival crevicular fluid samples were negative for the endothelin-1 molecule. Therefore, endothelin-1 cannot be considered as a potential biomarker of periodontal disease progression.
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