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The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the chromosomal aberrations in somatic and germ cells of alloxanized diabetic rats treated with methanolic extracts of Cleome droserifolia (Sammo), Anastatica hierochuntica (Kafta), Juniperus phoencea (Araar) and Hyphaene thebaica (Doum) as well as their effects on blood glucose, liver and testes total soluble protein, DNA and RNA contents and also nucleases (RNAase and DNAase) activity. The material and Methods:The study was performed in six groups. The first group was the normal healthy control; the second group was rats injected with alloxan (diabetic control). Every one of the other four groups (diabetic rats) was ingested with each of the methanolic extracts of Kafta, Doum, Sammo and Araar (individually). The results: The results of chromosomal analysis showed that, diabetic rats had a highly significant increase of chromosomal aberrations compared to that of normal healthy control. Animals which treated with the four plants methanolic extracts showed significant improvements in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations. In case of biochemical analysis, blood glucose level was significantly increased but immunoglobulins levels were decreased in diabetic albino rats. Diabetes increased serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL but serum HDL was decreased. RNA and DNA as well as inhibited the nucleases (RNAase and DNAase) activity of both organs (liver and testes) tissue. The conclusions: It is concluded that diabetes is much harmful in the animal body, whilst the induction of flavonoids extract (by methanol) of Kafta, Somma, Araar and Doum reduced these harmful of diabetes.

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The mutagenic effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in male rat using in vivo mutagenicity tests, chromosomal aberrations of somatic and germ cells, molecular assay and biochemical were studied. Paracetamol genotoxicity on normal divided cells has been reported. The data obtained showed that the ability of paracetamol to bind and interact with genetic material lead to changes in chromosomal behavior and structure during mitosis. The significant increase in chromosomal aberration, the changes in the number, position and intensity of bands, liver and renal damages induced by paracetamol may be attributed to the fact that paracetamol can induce genotoxicity through DNA damage. Paracetamol also stimulated AST and ALT activity, these stimulations indicated liver cell necrosis. Paracetamol-induced acute renal damage by the elevations in blood urea, uric acid and creatinine levels. Paracetamol showed abnormal values of protein profile in blood. The treatments with ginger presented hepatoprotective effect, also ginger can protect against oxidative kidneys tissue damage that reduced lipid peroxiation in liver and kidneys. The possible mechanism by which ginger exhibited significant protection against paracetamol-induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity may be due to its antioxidant effect. It may also be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity and attainment of normal frequencies of chromosomal aberration in ginger-treated rats. Thus, the present study indicated that the genotoxicity products at low concentration and for long time treatment showed the hazard of paracetamol addiction on human's life.

The influences of medicinal plants Juniperus Phoenicea (Araar), Hyphaene thebaica (Doum), Anastatica hierochuntica (Kafta) and Cleome droserifolia (Sammo) as antidiabetic agents were investigated using female pregnant albino rats. Female rats were injected with 60 mg/kg b.w. alloxan to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats treated orally with the methanol extracts of tested plants till the 19 day of gestation. The present studies include the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and nucleic acid system of liver in the female pregnant rats and their embryos. The results showed that injection of alloxan caused highly significant increase in chromosomal aberrations as well as in blood glucose levels as a result of diabetes in pregnant females. It also caused a high incidence of chromosomal deviation in embryos and decreased the liver soluble protein contents of female rats and their embryos. These effects in alloxanized animals were treated and improved by ingestion of the methanol extracts of the tested plants (Araar, Doum, Kafta and Somma) in which under their treatments, the inceased level of blood glucose of diabetic rats was deceased. Ingestion with the plants methanolic extracts improved and normalized the effects of diabetes in nucleic acids values of liver tissues. These were accompanied with nucleases (RNAase and DNAase) activities. The inhibited activities of both DNA ase and RNA ase of pregnant rats and their embryos were stimulated and readjusted around the normal values. Also administration of the plants methanol extracts decreased the percentage of chromosomal aberrations in the female rats and embryos. It is concluded that there are some biochemical dynamics which might occur in the metabolism of glucose, nucleic acids and proteins in order to prevent or to reduce the oxidative stress of diabetes by flavonoides treatment.