In this study Cross-linked PVA/Pullulan film was prepared. Cross-linking reaction done by addi-tion of gluteraldehyde at different reaction time (10,30and 60) min. Chemical interaction, me-chanical, thermal properties, water solubility and film morphology was studied for cross-linked PVA/Pullulan, PVA and Pullulan only. Thus FTIR investigated formation of hydrogen bonding between pullulan and PVA with (GA). Tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation (%) at break for PVA/Pullulan film was improved with addition of (GA) as the reaction time proceed equivalent with increasing PVA content

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of an autoimmune condition with uncertain etiopathology. According to new data, ABO system had played a role in the development and understanding numerous diseases. Lower level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OHD3) is considered as a risk factor for MS. The aims of this study is to identify the role of blood group distribution on the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-OHD3, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and total magnesium on MS patients. Additionally, we assessed the relation between Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and study parameters in patients. The Study included 107 patients with MS were distributed in to four groups according to their blood group (A, B, AB, and O).  Additionally, 124 apparently healthy individuals as control group. Tukey analysis  was showed the  level of 25-OHD3 in patients with B+  was significant decrease than O+ and A+ patients group (P≤0.05). Furthermore, EDSS was negatively correlated with 25-OHD3 (P≤0.05) in B+ and O+ patient groups. Through this study, ABO group may be consider as a risk factor for MS susceptibility as another interesting variable.

Growing research has shown that multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have lower levels of 25-OHvitD3 than healthy controls. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of 25-OHvitD3, CYP24Alenzyme in MS patients and calcium-phosphate metabolism indices depending on the different disease lines and gender. Furthermore, we elevated the relationship between study parameters and gender with degree of motor disability according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Serum of 110 Iraqi MS patients (50 male and 60 female) and 63 healthy individuals (30 male and 33 female) as control groups were used in our study. Serum level of 25-OHvitD3, CYP24A1and PTH were measured by ELISA. Serum level for calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were performed with a BioSystems A25 and A15 analyzers. Significantly lower level of CYP24A1 and 25-OHvitD3 was found in MS patients when compared to control groups. The Levels of CYP24A1 and 25-OHvitD3 were positively correlated in female and significantly decreased with EDSS in female groups. Also, in MS patients a highly significant decrease in calcium, a considerable increase in level of PTH, phosphorous and magnesium. In this study the negative correlation between 25-OHvitD3 and the degree of motor disability, according to EDSS in MS patients was confirmed. We identified a non-significant difference in the level of 25-OHvitD3 regarding on gender. Still, we confirmed the association between gender and MS disease development regarding the levels of 25-OHvitD3, PTH and phosphorus.

Providing clean water all over the world at low cost to meet human needs is a big challenge in the current century. As the world strives to keep pace with the increasing demand for clean water as quickly as possible due to the permanent increase in population density and the deterioration of the state of water and its quality in addition to climate changes. The requirement for developing technological innovations incorporated water managing can't be exaggerated. As reached by previous researchers, nanotechnology possesses vast capabilities to improve water treatment and purify it from organic and inorganic pollutants through the safe use of unconventional water sources. This review covers the methods that have been examined both laboratory and commercially in purifying and treating water. This research provides a discussion of the used methods, advantages and their limitations and also covers a study of nanomaterials used as photocatalysts, whether manufactured or under study. This is done by studying and reviewing the chemical and physical properties of these nanomaterials and their applications in treating water pollution.