A successful viral infection is due to the effective evasion of viruses from the immune system. The entry of viruses is usually detected by different cellular receptors including PRRs. Recognition of the viral genome leads to the production of interferons through a signaling stream. This review article will give brief information about escaping mechanisms of DNA and RNA viruses from the host immune system. Glimpses of these strategies include viral endonuclease activity, cap snatching of host mRNA, the formation of replication organelles, stress granule formation, membrane modifications, action of proteases, and evasion from ISGs. Moreover, we will discuss the strategies of DNA viruses to inhibit immune responses include Subversion of mRNA, transcriptional factors, Adaptor proteins, PRRs, evasion from T lymphocytes, Genomic Diversity, Theft or seize of host defense proteins, Imitation of host factors like affecting cytokines and chemokines of the host, and suppression or inhibition of apoptosis, Proteasomal degradation of host antiviral proteins by DNA Viruses. This knowledge is pivotal in understanding of different methodologies that viruses have created to escape antiviral cellular reactions of the host as well as an understanding of virus-host interactions and the origin of viral pathogenesis. Also, this knowledge is significant for the design of gene targeting vectors, antiviral vaccines, and the development of effective treatments directed against DNA and RNA viruses.
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) is an RNA virus involving 4 structural and 16 non-structural proteins, and exhibiting high transmission potential and fatality. The emergence of this newly encountered beta coronavirus-SARS CoV2 has brought over 2 million people to death, and more than 10 billion people got infected across the globe as yet. Consequently, the global scientific community has contributed to the synthesis and design of effective immunization technologies to combat this virus. Objectives: This literature review was intended to gather an update on published reports of the vaccines advancing in the clinical trial phases or preclinical trials, to summarize the foundations and implications of contributing vaccine candidates inferring their impact in the pandemic repression. In addition, this literature review distinctly facilitates an outline of the overall vaccine effectiveness at current doses. Methods: The reported data in this review was extracted from research articles, review articles and patents published from January 2020 to July 2021, available on Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Research Gate, and Science direct by using combination of keywords. Moreover, some information is retrieved from native web pages of vaccine manufacturing companies’ due to progressing research and unavailability of published research papers. Conclusion: Contributing vaccine technologies include: RNA (Ribonucleic acid) vaccines, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, protein-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viruses-like particles, protein superglue, and live-attenuated vaccines. Some vaccines are prepared by establishing bacterial and yeast cell lines and as self-assembling adenovirus-derived multimeric protein-based self-assembling nanoparticle (ADDOmer). On May 19, WHO has issued an emergency use sanction of Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, and Covishield vaccine candidates on account of clinical credibility from experimental data.
Background: Functional Gastrointestinal (GI) disease is a term that refers to a range of disease conditions involving chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and lactose intolerance. Statistical reports have documented >40% of the world's population is being afflicted by functional GI disorders. Consequences of frequent intake of antibiotics include mortality of gut microflora, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, the establishment of antibiotic resistance, and inference with healthy bodily functions. To overcome the harms of antibiotics, studies are being conducted to determine the potential of probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics. Aim of Study: The purpose of constructing this literature review is to outline the potential attributes of Kefir and to assess the solitary efficiency of this beverage in the amelioration of GI disease conditions. Methodology: Extraction of data entailed digging of literature hubs including PubMed, PubMed Central, Research Gate, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, employing a different combination of keywords to retrieve substantial details. Selection criteria of the articles involved the published reports of preceding 10 years (2012-2021) that exhibited relevancy with the topic Conclusion: Kefir grains having different origins provide a distinct array of antimicrobial spectrums and are found to be effective against different pathogens. IBDs, diarrheal sicknesses, and constipation can be alleviated by the consumption of this beverage. Moreover, the probioticantibiotic combination is also essential for the mitigation of several diseases. The synergistic impact of several microbial strains is vital for the treatment of celiac disease. Lactose maldigestion can be relieved by the consumption of kefir having β-galactosidase enzyme activity.
Background: SARS CoV2 is a newly emerged animal beta coronavirus that causes respiratory illness. This infection has affected 212 countries to date and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Due to the high transmission rate and lack of availability of any approved antiviral drug, the formulation of a specific antiviral therapy has now become a global emergency. Genomic studies have revealed 79% identity of SARS CoV2 with SARS CoV and 50% identity with MERS CoV, which has given a clue point to test the drugs that were efficient against previously encountered beta coronaviruses. For this purpose, several clinical trials based on the knowledge of existing drugs are moving ahead. These therapies include chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, corticosteroids therapy, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, anti-cytokine therapy, and convalescent sera. Aim of the study: The purpose of this review is to give a pointer of contributions conducted globally including strategies utilized for treatments, the pattern of dosage, adverse reactions, and effective outcomes from different drugs. Methodology: Literature has been retrieved from PubMed, PubMed Central, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using a combination of keywords for extensive information. Conclusion: Among all the drug options, Remdesivir and the use of Convalescent Sera have been considered as the safest option for treatment against COVID19. Data from the ongoing clinical trials will be required for the formulation of a specific and approved antiviral drug.
Circadian rhythms confer a biological clock of all living beings, comprising oscillations in a range of physiological variables, including body temperature and melatonin, that regulate the sleep/wake cycle rhythmically. Both variables have been marked to influence the sleep/wake cycle; even so, the interrelationship among the triad (body temperature, melatonin & sleepiness/alertness) is still unknown. The current literature review is envisioned to examine the contemporary details regarding the interaction between melatonin, body temperature, and sleepiness/alertness. All the included information is procured from the latest review articles, systematic & meta-analytical literature reviews, and original research reports. Findings revealed that melatonin and body temperature collectively contribute to the formation of sleep. An increase in melatonin induces fluctuations in body temperature. Both physiologic variables serve as close indicators of sleepiness/alertness. However, modulating factors such as light, environmental temperature, and timing of melatonin administration (with the circadian clock) may impact the overall outcomes. A significant number of studies are required to infer the underlying processes by which these factors influence the circadian clock.
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