An Outline of Contributing Vaccine Technologies for SARS CoV2 Advancing in Clinical and Preclinical Phase-Trials

Abstract

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) is an RNA virus involving 4 structural and 16 non-structural proteins, and exhibiting high transmission potential and fatality. The emergence of this newly encountered beta coronavirus-SARS CoV2 has brought over 2 million people to death, and more than 10 billion people got infected across the globe as yet. Consequently, the global scientific community has contributed to the synthesis and design of effective immunization technologies to combat this virus. Objectives: This literature review was intended to gather an update on published reports of the vaccines advancing in the clinical trial phases or preclinical trials, to summarize the foundations and implications of contributing vaccine candidates inferring their impact in the pandemic repression. In addition, this literature review distinctly facilitates an outline of the overall vaccine effectiveness at current doses. Methods: The reported data in this review was extracted from research articles, review articles and patents published from January 2020 to July 2021, available on Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Research Gate, and Science direct by using combination of keywords. Moreover, some information is retrieved from native web pages of vaccine manufacturing companies’ due to progressing research and unavailability of published research papers. Conclusion: Contributing vaccine technologies include: RNA (Ribonucleic acid) vaccines, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, protein-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viruses-like particles, protein superglue, and live-attenuated vaccines. Some vaccines are prepared by establishing bacterial and yeast cell lines and as self-assembling adenovirus-derived multimeric protein-based self-assembling nanoparticle (ADDOmer). On May 19, WHO has issued an emergency use sanction of Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, and Covishield vaccine candidates on account of clinical credibility from experimental data.

Antibodies generatedin vitroandin vivoelucidate design of a thermostable ADDomer COVID-19 nasal nanoparticle vaccine

“…Data were collected in counted super-resolution mode at a nominal magnification of 130,000x with a physical pixel size of 1.05 Å/pix and a virtual pixel size of 0.525 Å/pix. The total dose of 55.6 e/Å 2 . Each movie was fractionated in 45 frames of 200 ms. 11,800 micrographs were collected with a defocus range comprised between −0.8 and −2.0 µm.…”

“…Subsequently, the maps were subjected to local defocus correction and Bayesian particle polishing in Relion 4.0. Global resolution and B-factor (−79.66 Å 2 ) of the maps were estimated by applying a soft mask around the protein density using the gold-standard FSC criterion 0.143, resulting in an overall resolution of 4.06 Å (Supplementary Fig. 6).…”

“…The fibre tail peptides and nanobodies were aligned to the trimeric foldon using these overlapping residues. The complete ADAH11-Trimer structure was subsequently relaxed with Amber 75 using the ff14SB forcefield and no solvent in three consecutive minimisations with 1000 cycles with positional restraints on all atoms of 10, 1, and 0 kcal/mol/A 2 .…”

“…The economic damage caused by the pandemic has been significant, with many countries having experienced severe economic downturns as a result of lockdowns and other nonpharmaceutical intervention measures implemented to slow the spread of the virus. In an unprecedented effort, a large number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates were developed at record speed [1][2][3][4] , and several were authorised for emergency use or received full approval by regulatory agencies around the world 1 . Among these, prominent examples include the Pfizer-BioNTech for genetic insertion into the protomer we had designed that forms the ADDomer nanoparticle 28 .…”

Baculoviral COVID-19 Delta DNA vaccine cross-protects against SARS-CoV2 variants in K18-ACE2 transgenic mice

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. SARS-CoV2 vaccines were rapidly developed following the global emergence of this pandemic, and the vaccine benefit has been shown to significantly lower mortality rates (1)(2)(3).…”