Objective: To describe the clinical, etiological and neuroimaging profile of children with microcephaly at a tertiary care children hospital of Karachi Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at neurology outpatient department of National institute of child health (NICH) Karachi from 1st December 2020 to 30th November 2021. Methodology: Patients with microcephaly who presented to outpatient department of National Institute of Child Health (NICH) Karachi were included. Clinical history and physical examination findings were recorded in proforma and neuroimaging was done in all patients including computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of brain. Data entry and analysis was done in SPSS 25.0. Results: Total 130 children were enrolled with mean age was 7.17 ±7.1 (range 1-41) months of which male were 57(43.5%) and females were 74(56.5%). Mean weight was 7.74 ±2.9 kg. Mean FOC was 40.6 ±3.3 (range 33-49) cm. common clinical symptoms for presentation were seizures 95 (73%) and developmental delay 95 (73%). Most frequent etiology was birth asphyxia 60 (46%), and neuroimaging shows brain atrophy in 32 (24%). Conclusion: In our study common cause of microcephaly was cerebral palsy and was commonly associated with of epilepsy, developmental delay, hearing and vision problems. Further plans are needed for prevention of perinatal asphyxia by regular antenatal checkups and delivery by trained person with co-ordination between pediatrician and obstetrics along with early identification of danger signs, which may improve outcome and prevent lifelong disabilities Keywords: Microcephaly; developmental delay; seizures.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) was once considered a rare finding in pediatric population but it has been increasing with recent advances in medical care and technology to diagnose it. This study was conducted to determine the clinical presentation, associated factors and outcome of VTE in hospitalized children in a tertiary care children hospital of Karachi. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at National Institute of Child Health, Karachi from December 2020 to January 2022. All patients hospitalized with VTE or who were diagnosed to have DVT while at hospital were included in study. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, medical history and laboratory workup was recorded in a semi-structured proforma. Patients were managed by treating physicians as per hospital protocol. Treatment details were recorded along with outcome. A Total of 36 children were diagnosed with VTE. Nine (25%) patients were admitted with clinical features suggestive of DVT while remaining 27 (75%) developed DVT during hospital stay. Median hospital stay of those who developed DVT at hospital was 15 days (IQR 10-30days). Infectious etiology (n=21, 58.3%) was the most common admitting diagnosis followed by central nervous system disorders (n=4, 11.1%). Common clinical features among VTE children were fever, seizures and edema of limbs. Prolonged hospital stay with immobilization and central venous catheterization particularly due to infectious etiology are common factors among children who develop VTE and such patients need to be considered for VTE prophylaxis and treatment.
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