Salmonellosis is a considerable public health problem worldwide, with high economic importance in developed countries. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella infection and antibiogram analysis of isolated strains in a cross-sectional study in Egypt 2016-2017. The study investigated twenty-eight Salmonella isolates from different areas in Egypt and different types of samples, such as human stool (9.3%), Egyptian cattle egrets and storks (28.5%) and grilled chicken from electric grills (36.6%). No isolates were detected from grilled chicken from charcoal grills or drinking water. The main Salmonella serotype detected in the isolates was S. typhimurium (86.5%). Molecular characterization of the invA gene by PCR was carried out and then confirmed by sequencing, and the results were submitted to GenBank. Antibiogram analysis of Egyptian isolates carried out on 9 antimicrobial discs reported that the routine regimes of treatment were not yet effective for recent new Salmonella generations in 2016-2017. The new isolates could be treated with levofloxacin, cefaperazone/sulbactam, chloramphenicol, imipenem or meropenem.

H elicobacter pylori has a worldwide distribution with a prevalence range from 25% in developed countries and sometimes reach more than 90% in developing areas, but not all infected individuals developed the disease. (Ghotaslou et al., 2013).H. pylori is a Gram-negative bacillus, a microaerophilic bacterium that was discovered in 1982 by Marshall and Warren. H. Pylori is one of the most common human-spe-cific pathogens which colonizes the gastric mucosa. H. Pylori infection is always associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer which can be developed to gastric cancers such as adenocarcinoma, gastric lymphoma, or benign mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). (Thung et al., 2016, Saleh et al., 2020.The appearance of symptoms of H. Pylori is depended on the strains of H. Pylori and also the interaction between bacterial and host factors. The less virulent strains mostly lead to asymptomatic cases. (Yamaoka et al., 2010, Moussa

Molecular diagnosis of helicobacters by PCR is simpler, more accurate, and feasible compared to other diagnostic methods. Validity and accuracy are highly dependent on the PCR primer design, diffusion time, and mutation rate of helicobacters. This study aimed to design 16srRNA -specific primers for Helicobacter spp. and H. pylori. Application of comparative statistical analysis of the diagnostic utility of the most available 16srRNA genus-specific primers. The new primers were designed using bioinformatics tools (MAFFT MSA and Gblocks command line). A comparative study was applied on nine genus-specific 16srRNA primers in comparison to the ConsH using Insilco and laboratory evaluation. The results demonstrated that the best specificity and sensitivity of the primers designed for this study compared to other primers. The comparative study revealed that the heminested outer/inner primers were the worst. Although H276,16srRNA(a), HeliS/Heli-nest, and Hcom had acceptable diagnostic utility, false positive and false negative results were obtained. Specificity testing on clinical samples indicated a surprising result; that H. pylori was not the sole enemy that we were looking for, but the NPH should be considered as a real risk prognostic for gastric diseases, consequently, a specific diagnosis and treatment should be developed. This study concluded that our designed primers were the most specific and sensitive in comparison with other primers. in addition, Insilco evaluation is not accurate enough for primer assessment and that the laboratory evaluation is mandatory.

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Helicobacter pylori is the most common human gastric infection. H. pylori stool antigen lateral flow immunochromatography assay (HpSA-LFIA) is considered one of the most cost-effective and rapid non-invasive assays (active tests). The evaluation of this test is crucial for accuracy and utility assurance. This study aimed to evaluate the polyclonal antibody-based HpSA-LFIA in comparison to a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA kit. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 200 gastric patients for HpSA-LFIA and semi-quantitative HpSA-ELISA. Statistical analysis of the diagnostic values was performed using MedCalc software. Chi-square tests were used to determine the effects of gender and age. Results: The obtained results found that HpSA-LFIA achieved promising sensitivity (93.75%) and NPV (98.00%). However, it had poor specificity, PPV, and accuracy, respectively, 59.76%, 31.25%, and 65.31%. LR+ & LR- were 2.33% & 0.1%, respectively. Gender had no significance on the di-agnostic parameters of HpSA-LFIA. Age groups had irrelevant sensitivity; however, specificity was significantly higher in patients over 45 years. Conclusion: It was concluded that HpSA-LFIA was not accurate enough to be the sole test for di-agnosis and needs other confirmatory tests in case of positive conditions

Molecular diagnosis of helicobacters by PCR is simpler, more accurate, and feasible compared to other diagnostic methods. Validity and accuracy are highly dependent on the PCR primer design, diffusion time, and mutation rate of helicobacters. This study aimed to design 16srRNA -specific primers for Helicobacter spp. and H. pylori. Application of comparative statistical analysis of the diagnostic utility of the most available 16srRNA genus-specific primers. The new primers were designed using bioinformatics tools (MAFFT MSA and Gblocks command line). A comparative study was applied on nine genus-specific 16srRNA primers in comparison to the ConsH using in silico and laboratory evaluation. The results demonstrated that the best specificity and sensitivity of the primers designed for this study compared to other primers. The comparative study revealed that the heminested outer/inner primers were the worst. Although H276, 16srRNA(a), HeliS/Heli-nest, and Hcom had acceptable diagnostic utility, false positive and false negative results were obtained. Specificity testing on clinical samples indicated a surprising result; that H. pylori was not the sole enemy that we were looking for, but the Non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters should be considered as a real risk prognostic for gastric diseases, consequently, a specific diagnosis and treatment should be developed. This study concluded that our designed primers were the most specific and sensitive in comparison with other primers. In addition, in silico evaluation is not accurate enough for primer assessment and that the laboratory evaluation is mandatory.

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BackgroundLast year’s plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) achieved great success in the treatment of feline mammary carcinoma and there is a demand for developing an easy, cheap, rapid, sensitive, and specific tool for early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response.MethodsA panel of four autoantibodies (P53, PCNA, MUC-1, and C-MYC) was evaluated in serum of 11 normal cats and 34 cats diagnosed with mammary tumors before, during, and after the treatment using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. Out of the 34 cats, 15 did not receive any treatment, ten cats were treated with PPTT, three cats were treated by mastectomy, and six cats were treated with a combination of PPTT and surgery. ResultsThe panel showed high specificity and sensitivity to mammary tumors. The panel also was efficient in the evaluation of PPTT treatment response as their values decreased significantly after three months from the end of treatment. During the PPTT treatment course, the panel values increased within a month before the appearance of secondary tumors and/or metastasis but this increase was not statistically significant. As a result of the short follow-up period in this study, the studied panel was not valid in early diagnosis of primary and/or recurrent tumors nor the evaluation of treatment response of surgery alone or combination therapy. Cats treated with PPTT monotherapy showed the highest survival rate followed by cats treated with combination therapy then cats treated with mastectomy.ConclusionThe studied autoantibodies panel can be used to evaluate PPTT treatment response after three months of the end of treatment and may be efficient in early diagnosis of primary tumors, secondary tumors, recurrence, or metastasis.Trial registrationAll animals were handled in accordance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care and Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare guidelines. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (CU-IACUC) Cairo University (code: CU II F 9 16). The animal experiments were carried out after the owner's permission. Written informed consent was provided by each cat owner for the treatments.