Popular media culture fandom is associated with a variety of positive psychological, social, and cultural outcomes, but people who participate in these fandoms may be socially stigmatized because of the object of their fandom. A 2 (Fandom Type: Science Fiction/Fantasy; Sport) ϫ 2 (Target Fan Sex: Female; Male) between-subjects experimental design was used to examine the influence of fandom type and fan sex on the 3 dimensions of interpersonal attraction: social, physical, and task. In general, science fiction/fantasy fans were perceived as less socially and physically attractive compared to sport fans, particularly male science fiction/fantasy fans. However, there were no differences between the groups in task attractiveness. Female sport fans were judged as more physically and socially attractive than female science fiction/fantasy fans.
In 1989, former Major League Baseball (MLB) player John Young created the Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI) program as a way to increase the number of African Americans becoming involved with the game of baseball. Along with this program, MLB created the Urban Youth Academy (UYA) in 2006 as a way to not only teach the game but also provide life skills to youth and adults. However, MLB continues to struggle in developing relationships and increasing involvement of African Americans. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand why African Americans are not interested or involved in MLB. Corporate social responsibility and relationship management theory were used as the frameworks for this study. Eleven RBI and UYA program managers were interviewed to determine the challenges they face in getting African Americans involved in the game. Results from this study indicated four themes regarding MLB program managers’ challenges: inconsistency in measuring success, lack of parental involvement, and lack of trust. A discussion, implications, and future directions are addressed.
A combined moire´-Sagnac interferometry method was applied for in-plane and out-of- plane crack-tip surface deformation measurement. Based on 2-D and 3-D Jacobian derivative method (JDM), a stress intensity factor evaluation procedure is proposed. This procedure utilizes selected measured displacements around the crack-tip region as input nodal displacements to calculate the stress intensity factor and the results correlate well with the theoretical calculations. The extent of the 3-D crack-tip deformation zone is also discussed.
ABSTRACTmA combined Moir6-Sagnae interferometry method is developed for in-plane (u and v) and out-of-plane (w) surface deformation measurement. The combined optical setup is used to measure three-dimensional crack tip deformations of AI 2024-0 and AI 2024-T4 specimens at room temperature and an Inconel 909 specimen at 570~ Measured displacements near the crack tip region of the AI 2024-T4 specimen are used as input nodal displacements to determine stress intensity factors based on two-dimensional and three-dimensional Jacobian derivative method. The values compare favorably with theoretical calculations. The extent of the three-dimensional crack tip deformation zone is also discussed.KEY WORDS--3-D crack-tip deformation, Moir6-Sagnac Interferometry, high-temperature measurement, Jacobian Derivative method Three-dimensional crack tip displacement measurements are often needed in the field of fracture mechanics research. The crack tip region may be subjected to large deformation gradients, and typical experimental methods, which can only measure discrete surface deformations, may not provide sufficient information about the deformations in this region. Acquiring crack tip displacements becomes even more complicated when the measurements are made under harsh environmental conditions such as under high temperatures. In these instances, it may not be possible or desirable to affix a measuring device to the specimen. As an alternative, various optical techniques have been developed to measure surface deformations. These optical techniques provide fullfield measurements. The response time is essentially instantaneous, and the measurement system does not interfere with the process examined.Moir6 interferometry has been shown to be applicable for in-plane deformation measurement of specimens under harsh environmental conditions, i.e., at elevated temperatures 1-4 or in liquid medium. temperature. 6-I~ Measurements obtained by Michelson interferometry or similar interferometric methods are sensitive to variations in the medium (such as temperature field fluctuation and flatness of the furnace window) and thus may not be suitable for high-temperature testing. Moir6 interferometry can be used to measure both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements; 8,9 however, the approach requires the placement of a reference grating near the surface of the specimen to measure the out-of-plane displacements. This configuration is not practical for a specimen under elevated temperature conditions. The technique of holographic interferometry requires the superposition of a deformed image onto an original undeformed image 6 and thus is sensitive to the stability of the mechanical system and environmental conditions, l~ A simpler method for obtaining the out-of-plane displacements is desired.The purpose of this paper is to report the development of a combined optical method capable of full-field threedimensional surface displacement measurements of specimens under elevated temperature conditions. Moir6 interferometry is used to obtain the in-...
Despite the prevalence and magnitude of community engagement within professional sporting organizations, limited attention has been devoted to understanding the significance and impact of these activities to the success and survival of the organization (Garrard, 2007). Consequently, The focus of this dissertation focused on Major League Baseball (MLB) because this organization has established efforts for engaging individuals from diverse communities, but is still failing in their efforts of diversity and inclusion from an external stakeholder perspective. In 1989, MLB implemented programs (e.g., Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), Urban Youth Academy (UYA) to help diversify their team roster and fan base. Despite these efforts, Major League Baseball (UYA) is still facing the issue that team rosters and fan bases are majority white. In Study one of this dissertation, the researcher interviewed 11 RBI/UYA program managers representing 11 MLB teams. The program managers were asked questions regarding the specific programs they ran, why the programs were launched, the success of the programs, and the challenges in get black youth involved in the game. The results of study one revealed that program managers ran the RBI programs and baseball clinics, launched the programs to introduce the game of baseball to underserved youth, reported that attendance is how define success, and that parental involvement was the biggest challenge in getting black youth involved in the game. For study two, individuals completed a questionnaire focused on perceptions MLB outreach efforts and whether or not it would be positively associated with commitment to the team, perceptions of MLB image, identity to the team, and MLB social responsiveness. Results for study two showed that all four variables were positively associated with MLB outreach efforts. A discussion for both studies, implications, and future directions were also discussed. accomplishment. This has been one of the most challenging journeys that I have ever had to face. So I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Matthew Martin, for guiding me every step of the way. Dr. Martin, you have been a very patient and caring person who allowed me the freedom to explore the topic of my dissertation without hesitation. Thank you for all of your hard work and dedication. To Dean Dana Brooks, you were the first faculty person I talked to upon my arrival a at WVU. Thank you for your guidance and calling me the "Jackie Robinson" of my program! I would also like to thank my mother, Floristine Anderson, for working hard to provide for me. I was not the easiest child to rear but you did what you could to keep me on the right path. Look at me now! To my sisters, Karen and Michelle, you two were the best people a little brother could ever have. Thanks for dealing with me and my antics as a kid! Now you have to live the rest of your lives calling me Dr. Anderson! Never thought you would do that in your lifetime huh! LOL! To the front offices of Major League Baseball, thank you for entrusting me...
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