The introduction of nanotechnology in biosensor applications has significantly contributed to human lifestyle by rendering advanced personalized diagnostics and health care and monitoring equipment and techniques. Nanomaterials and nanostructures have recently gained impetus in the domain of biosensors because of their manifold applications. Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) newly attracted interest because of their multidimensional structures and structure-dependent unique electronic, electrocatalytic, and optical properties, which can be explored to design novel biosensing platforms. The content of the present article aspires to advocate a critical evaluation on the recent advances in the domain of dimensionally different MoS2, the most widely explored TMD, and their relevance in biosensing application. This encompasses the major structural attributes and synthetic methodologies of zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional MoS2 nanostructures, pertaining to their biosensing potential. Herein, we described the prevailing and potential applications of MoS2 nanostructures in optical, electrochemical, and electronic biosensors.

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Polymeric biomaterials are in extensive use in the domain of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. High performance hyperbranched epoxy is projected here as a potential biomaterial for tissue regeneration. Thermosetting hyperbranched epoxy nanocomposites were prepared with Homalomena aromatica rhizome oil-modified bentonite as well as organically modified montmorillonite clay. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques confirmed the strong interfacial interaction of clay layers with the epoxy matrix. The poly(amido amine)-cured thermosetting nanocomposites exhibited high mechanical properties like impact resistance (>100 cm), scratch hardness (>10 kg), tensile strength (48-58 MPa) and elongation at break (11.9-16.6%). Cytocompatibility of the thermosets was found to be excellent as evident by MTT and red blood cell hemolytic assays. The nanocomposites exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC14468) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) strains. In vivo biocompatibility of the best performing nanocomposite was ascertained by histopathological study of the brain, heart, liver and skin after subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats. The material supported the proliferation of dermatocytes without induction of any sign of toxicity to the above organs. The adherence and proliferation of cells endorse the nanocomposite as a non-toxic biomaterial for tissue regeneration.

A reduced graphene oxide-silver nanohybrid (Ag-RGO) was prepared by simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and silver ions, using the aqueous extract of the Colocasia esculenta leaf. The nanohybrid demonstrated better antimicrobial activity than the individual nanomaterials. Excellent cytocompatibility was observed for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mammalian red blood cells (RBCs). An acute dermal toxicity study on wistar rats confirmed no induction of direct or indirect toxicity to the host. Thus, this nanohybrid holds potential for applications as a non-toxic topical antimicrobial agent in dressings, bandages, ointments etc.

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Here, castor oil based tough hyperbranched polyurethane/sulfur nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide (HPU/SRGO) nanocomposites are fabricated with different weight% of nanohybrid. Tremendous enhancement of mechanical properties such as tensile strength (from 7.2 to 24.3 MPa), tensile modulus (from 3.3 to 137.7 MPa), toughness (from 25.4 to 313.52 MJm -3) and elongation at break (from 710 to 1456%) are observed upon incorporation of nanohybrid in HPU matrix due to str ong interaction between SRGO and HPU matrix. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent repeatable selfhealing (within 50-60s at 360W under microwave and 5-7.5 min under sunlight) and shape recovery (within 30-50s at 360W under microwave and 1-3 min under sunlight). The nanocomposite also demonstrated profound microbial inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Thus, the studied nanocomposite has tremendous potential for various advanced applications. Fig. 8 The healing efficiency of the nanocomposite at different MW power input of (a) 180 W, (b) 360 W and (c) 540 W; and (d) repres entative stress-strain curves of HPU/SRGO 2 before crack and after healing the crack.Fig. 9 MIC of nanocomposite against (a) Candida ablicans, (b) Escherichia coli, (c) Staphylococcus aureus; and SEM image of E. coli cells adhered to (d) HPU, (e) HPU/RGO and (f) HPU/SRGO.