Terahertz waves are located in the energy level range of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, and can directly couple with proteins to excite the nonlinear resonance effect of proteins. Therefore, terahertz can affect the conformation of proteins, the structure and function of neurons. Primary cerebral cortex neurons of SD rats were cultured in vitro. Neurons were radiated 3 days by THz with frequency of 0.3-3THz and a power of 100μW; record the growth and development indicators of neurons (Cell body area, total length of process). At the end of a radiation programme, Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of GluA1, GluN1, postsynaptic density protein-95(PSD-95) and synaptophysin 38(SYP-38). After the first day of terahertz radiation, the increase in cell area increased by 144.9% (P<0.05); On the second and third days of terahertz radiation, the growth value of the total length of neuronal neurites increased by 65.1% (P<0.05) and 109.4% (P<0.05), respectively; Three days after terahertz irradiation, the protein expressions of GluA1 and SY-38 were increased by 38.1% (P<0.05) and 19.2% (P<0.05), respectively. The results show that (1)The use of Low intensity of broadband terahertz in this study will not cause the death of cortical neurons, and will not affect their growth regularity;(2)Low intensity of broadband terahertz radiation. can promote the growth of cortical neuron cell bodies and processes, but the effects on cortical neuron cell bodies and processes are different. This may be related to the developmental cycle of cultured cortical neurons in vitro, and there is a cumulative effect on the promotion of neuronal processes by low intensity of broadband terahertz;(3) The promotion of neuronal growth and development by low intensity of broadband terahertz radiation may be related to the proportion of AMPA receptor subtypes and the expression of presynaptic specific protein SY-38. These results herald specific frequencies and energies of terahertz radiation as a novel neuromodulation technology for the treatment or intervention of diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders.
Terahertz waves lie within the rotation and oscillation energy levels of biomolecules, and can directly couple with biomolecules to excite nonlinear resonance effects, thus causing conformational or configuration changes in biomolecules. Based on this mechanism, we investigated the effect pattern of 0.138 THz radiation on the dynamic growth of neurons and synaptic transmission efficiency, while explaining the phenomenon at a more microscopic level. We found that cumulative 0.138 THz radiation not only did not cause neuronal death, but that it promoted the dynamic growth of neuronal cytosol and protrusions. Additionally, there was a cumulative effect of terahertz radiation on the promotion of neuronal growth. Furthermore, in electrophysiological terms, 0.138 THz waves improved synaptic transmission efficiency in the hippocampal CA1 region, and this was a slow and continuous process. This is consistent with the morphological results. This phenomenon can continue for more than 10 min after terahertz radiation ends, and these phenomena were associated with an increase in dendritic spine density. In summary, our study shows that 0.138 THz waves can modulate dynamic neuronal growth and synaptic transmission. Therefore, 0.138 terahertz waves may become a novel neuromodulation technique for modulating neuron structure and function.
Significance: Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) ranging from 0.01 to 0.15 Hz are common in functional imaging studies. Some of these LFOs are non-neuronal and are correlated with autonomic physiological processes. Aim:We investigate the relationships between systemic low-frequency oscillations (sLFOs) measured at different peripheral sites during resting states in ischemic stroke patients.Approach: Twenty-seven ischemic stroke patients (ages 44 to 90; 20 male and 7 female) were recruited for the study. During the experiments, fluctuations in oxyhemoglobin concentration were measured in the left and right toes, fingertips, and earlobes using a multichannel nearinfrared spectroscopy instrument. We applied cross-correlation and frequency component analyses on the sLFO data. Results:The results showed that embolization broke the symmetry of the sLFO transmission and that the damage was not limited to the local area but spread throughout the body. Among six peripheral sites, the power spectrum width of the earlobes was significantly larger than that of the fingers and toes. This indicates that the earlobes may contain more physiological information. Finally, the results of fuzzy clustering verified that sLFOs can serve as perfusion biomarkers to differentiate stroke from healthy subjects. Conclusions:The high correlation values and corresponding delays in sLFOs support the hypothesis that (1) the correlation characteristics of sLFOs in stroke patients are different from those of healthy subjects. These characteristics can reflect patient condition, to an extent. Embolization in ischemic stroke patients breaks the symmetry of the body's sLFO transmission, disrupting the balance of blood circulation. (2) sLFOs can be used as perfusion biomarkers to differentiate ischemic stroke patients from healthy subjects. Studying these signals can explicate the overall feedback/influence of pericentral interactions. Finally, peripheral sLFOs have been shown to be an effective and accurate tool for assessing peripheral blood circulation and vascular integrity in ischemic stroke patients.
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