Identifying the level of health related quality of life (HQoL) and their influencing factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive people is of extreme importance in implementing an interventional program to support this group. This cross sectional study was an attempt to determine the level and factors associated with HQoL among the people living with HIV. A convenient sample of 82 HIV-infected people from three NGOs and one Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), were interviewed using an interviewer administered, semi structured questionnaire developed by adopting the "WHOQOL-HIV BREF instrument". A majority of the respondents were with low Quality of Life (QoL) in all the domains of HQoL. The proportion of respondents with low QoL was highest in the domain of social relationship (64.6%) followed by psychological domain (59.8%), physical domain (58.5%), level of independence domain (56.1%), environmental domain (52.4%) and spirituality domain (52.4%) of HQoL. Bivariate analysis revealed that the overall perception of QoL was better in the respondents living in urban area, who were employed and asymptomatic of the centre for disease control (CDC) stage of HIV. The perception of overall health was higher in females, all respondents less than 35 years of age, asymptomatic of the CDC stage of disease and with a current CD 4 count greater than 200 cell/mm 3 . These findings highlight the need for enhanced socio-psychosocial support and a better environment for improving the health related quality of life among people living with HIV.

Abstract-Traffic Management System (TMS) is used to improve traffic flow by integrating information from different data repositories and online sensors, detecting incidents and taking actions on traffic routing. In general, two decision making systems-weights updating and forecasting are integrated inside the TMS. The models need numerous data sets for making appropriate decisions. To determine the dynamic road weights in TMS, four (4) different environmental attributes are considered, which are directly or indirectly related to increase the traffic jam-rain fall, temperature, wind, and humidity. In addition, peak hour is taken as an additional attribute. Usually, the data sets are classified by instinct method. However, optimum classification on data sets is vital to improve the decision accuracy of the TMS. Collected data sets have no class label and thus, cluster based unsupervised classifications (partitioning, hierarchical, grid-based, density-based) can be used to find optimum number of classifications in each attribute, and expected to improve the performance of the TMS. Two most popular and frequently used classifiers are hierarchical clustering and partition clustering. K-means is simple, easy to implement, and easy to interpret the clustering results. It is also faster, because the order of time complexity is linear with the number of data. Thus, in this paper we are going to demonstrate the performance of partition k-means and hierarchical k-means with their implementations by Davies Boulder Index (DBI), Dunn Index (DI), Silhouette Coefficient (SC) methods to outline the optimal number classifications (features) inside each attribute of TMS data sets. Subsequently, the optimal classes are validated by using WSS (within sum of square) errors and correlation methods. The validation results conclude that k-means with DI performs better in all attributes of TMS data sets and provides more accurate optimum classification numbers. Thereafter, the dynamic road weights for TMS are generated and classified using the combined k-means and DI method.

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