Diabetes mellitus is a very complex disease affecting almost every tissue and organ system, with heterogeneous etiology characterized by insulin resistance. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet are well-known risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Understanding pathological mechanisms is imperative to prevent and treat the disease. Therefore, identification of specific biomarkers for T2DM is of great interest. Biomarkers are the biological molecules which play a vital role in conducting clinical trials, for screening and risk assessment before diagnosis and are helpful for monitoring recurrent diseases. Developing and characterizing an effective biomarker is arduous. To know the root cause and the effect in the pathogenesis of disease are some of the major challenges in the field of biomarkers. Several approaches including proteomics, genomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics are being applied for early detection of T2DM and further devising new therapies to treat it. The emphasis of the present review is to identify non-genetic and genetic biomarkers through the application of novel methodologies that would predict hyperglycemia and incident T2DM.
Cloud computing offers utility-oriented IT services like: pervasive applications from consumer, scientific, and business domains based on a pay-as-you-go model. So, the workload in cloud environment is usually dynamic. At cloud data centers, different virtual machines (VMs) Provisioning techniques cause different CPU utilization. Therefore, VM Provisioning on PMs to improve resource utilization and reduce energy consumption is one of the major concerns for cloud providers. The problem of VM Provisioning includes queuing of VM requests, placing the VMs on hosts, and the optimization of the current VM allocation using Live Migration. The existing VM provisioning schemes are to optimize physical server and network resources utilization, but many of them also focus on optimizing multiple resources utilization simultaneously. The setting up of utilization thresholds for resources is one of the common optimization techniques. The ultimate aim of Cloud providers is to optimize resource usage and reduce energy consumption with the obligation of providing high Quality of Service (QoS) to customers, while maintaining the Service Level Agreements (SLAs). We surveyed various Live Virtual Machine Provisioning techniques and presented the comparison among few benchmark techniques based on adaptive utilization thresholds, as contribution to Green Cloud computing solutions. A performance evaluation study and comparison is done using the CloudSim toolkit.
Covid-19 has necessitated mask use to safeguard oneself from coronavirus. The mask usage and safety practices followed by the public in India are reported in this paper. Sixty per cent of the subjects purchased masks on their own while 19 per cent stitched their masks; masks were used regularly (76%) for less than 4 hours (64.22%). During the lockdown, at workplaces, masks were removed for less than 30 minutes per day. Subjects reported that safety feeling was experienced when masks were donned (87%); felt that masks were unnecessary in Covid-19 unaffected areas/cities (67 %); whilst 47 per cent admitted to pulling down masks during use. An interesting fact emerging from the study was that the younger populace adhered less conscientiously to regular mask use as opposed to the elderly; paradoxically the elderly (49 and above) were the ones to pull down masks more frequently during use than the younger ones. Amongst them, 25 per cent repeated it 1-2 times a day. It was heartening to observe that most people (89%) exercised caution during mask use. A positive significant relationship existed between age and employer modes on regular mask usage; a highly positive significant relation was seen between the employment sector and regular mask use and a negative correlation among profession and mask use. Two-way ANOVA between demographic data on type and regular mask use yielded a significant difference. A highly significant relationship between gender, employer mode, and profession on different types of safety measures; and a significant relationship between the level of education and safety measures were found.
Outbreak of diseases and health related problems due to vibriosis are common in brackishwater aquaculture and mariculture. However, studies on vibriosis in the fresh water prawn are not well documented. In the present study, biochemical changes under induced stress condition in Indian river prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii was studied. Prawn juveniles of (90 ± 5 mm) procured from a nearby river were injected with pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum) through the gill 0.3x106 cfu of each prawn for a period of 15 days in controlled laboratory environment. Total protein of the haemolymph decreased. Haemolymph cholesterol was elevated significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in V. anguillarum infection, whereas triglyceride and glucose level decreased in comparison to the control. Variation of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities increased under bacterial stress condition. The acid phosphatase level was reduced and alkaline phosphatase activity increased. There was a decrease in bactericidal activity in infected prawns.
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