The bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) in a fixed dose combination (FDC) used for the treatment of tuberculosis remains an area of clinical concern and several pharmaceutical alternatives are being explored to overcome this problem. The present study presents a pharmacological approach in which the bioavailability of a drug may be modulated by utilizing the herb-drug synergism. The pharmacokinetic interaction of some herbal products and a pure molecule isolated from Cuminum cyminum with RIF is shown in this paper. An aqueous extract derived from cumin seeds produced a significant enhancement of RIF levels in rat plasma. This activity was found to be due to a flavonoid glycoside, 3',5-dihydroxyflavone 7-O-beta-D-galacturonide 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (CC-I). CC-I enhanced the Cmax by 35% and AUC by 53% of RIF. The altered bioavailability profile of RIF could be attributed to a permeation enhancing effect of this glycoside.
The effect of L-tryptophan (TRP) supplemented diets at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% on cannibalism, survival and growth performance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) fry was evaluated. Thirty days old seabass fry (mean weight: 0.31±0.16 g) were reared for 45 days in a recirculating aquaculture system. Results of the present experiment showed that L - tryptophan (TRP) supplementation from 0.5 to 2% in diet significantly (p<0.05) reduced cannibalism compared to control diet and did not affect growth performance. The lowest survival percentage (14%) was noticed in control group, whereas a higher survival percentage (33.33 to 39.80) was observed in TRP supplemented groups. Coefficient of size variation (%) ranged from 21.50 to 91.61 and decreased with increased level of TRP supplementation, Similar results were also obtained in size heterogeneity. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to supplement 0.5% of TRP in larval diet to reduce cannibalism and improve survival of seabass fry.
Application of chemicals for monitoring if Vibrio outbreaks can enhance resistance in mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) leaves extract was tested against bioluminescence disease-causing Vibrio harveyi bacteria. An inhibitory zone of 12 mm was observed at 350 µg/mL The growth of V. harveyi was decreased from 0.783 to 0.533 (OD600) as compared to control (0.970 to 1.031 OD) against R. apiculata extract. The extract was treated against virulence produced by V. harveyi, the crude bacteriocin values decreased from 1.653 to 1.574 OD as compared with control. Further, extract 200 mg/mL was challenged against V. harveyi (10 mL at 1.8 OD600) during larviculture of Penaeus monodon for 30 days. The mortality increased from 9.0 to 68.5% in the control, but in the treatment the mortality varied from 0 to 57.8% till 30th day. The difference in the decrease of mortality in the treatments was 10.6%. V. harveyi count was decreased from 1.46 × 105 to 3 × 103 cfu/mL, respectively in the treatment for the 30th day as compared to control (1.33×105 to 9.2×103 cfu/mL). R. apiculata leaves extract was reported to have various functional groups of compounds as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The GC-MS analysis revealed that the R. apiculata extract contains compounds such as 1, 2-diacetate, cyclododecane, 2-chloropropionic acid and squalene. These compounds might be responsible for the antagonism against V. harveyi. Hence, crude extracts of R. apiculata can be used as a non-antibiotic agent to control shrimp disease caused by V. harveyi during larviculture.
Outbreak of diseases and health related problems due to vibriosis are common in brackishwater aquaculture and mariculture. However, studies on vibriosis in the fresh water prawn are not well documented. In the present study, biochemical changes under induced stress condition in Indian river prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii was studied. Prawn juveniles of (90 ± 5 mm) procured from a nearby river were injected with pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum) through the gill 0.3x106 cfu of each prawn for a period of 15 days in controlled laboratory environment. Total protein of the haemolymph decreased. Haemolymph cholesterol was elevated significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in V. anguillarum infection, whereas triglyceride and glucose level decreased in comparison to the control. Variation of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities increased under bacterial stress condition. The acid phosphatase level was reduced and alkaline phosphatase activity increased. There was a decrease in bactericidal activity in infected prawns.
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