An Overview on Inflammatory Biomarkers for Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a very complex disease affecting almost every tissue and organ system, with heterogeneous etiology characterized by insulin resistance. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet are well-known risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Understanding pathological mechanisms is imperative to prevent and treat the disease. Therefore, identification of specific biomarkers for T2DM is of great interest. Biomarkers are the biological molecules which play a vital role in conducting clinical trials, for screening and risk assessment before diagnosis and are helpful for monitoring recurrent diseases. Developing and characterizing an effective biomarker is arduous. To know the root cause and the effect in the pathogenesis of disease are some of the major challenges in the field of biomarkers. Several approaches including proteomics, genomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics are being applied for early detection of T2DM and further devising new therapies to treat it. The emphasis of the present review is to identify non-genetic and genetic biomarkers through the application of novel methodologies that would predict hyperglycemia and incident T2DM.

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“…For instance, previous studies have consistently reported that level of serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is significantly associated with insulin sensitivity in young individuals, which may later develop towards type 2 diabetes mellitus [64] or chronic pain [65]. In addition, a recent study has also reported that chronic inflammation as observable by altered levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine levels including IL-4 and IL-10 may play a predictive role in disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus development [66].…”

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“…CA15-3, as a serum tumor biomarker, is useful in monitoring therapy for breast cancer treatment [ 61 ]. HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin A1c) was used to monitor the progress of antidiabetic therapy [ 62 ].…”

Biomarkers: An Important Tool for Diagnosing and Treating Diabetes Mellitus

“…The biomarker is a substance used as an indicator of disease status and a property that is expected and evaluated for general, pathological, and pharmacological responses to therapeutic interventions. These are biological molecules found in blood, other bodily fluids or tissues that may have clinical value and maybe elements of interest in medical practice and represent a general or abnormal process or an indication of a condition or disease 3,16 .…”

“…-Various biomarkers such as Autoantibodies, C-reactive protein (CRP), Fibrinogen, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and Leptin are used for diagnosis; Adiponectin, Fetuin-A, Fructosamine, microRNA, Acylcarnitine, and Haemoglobin A1c are used for treatment; and 1,5-anhydroglucitol is used both to diagnose and treat diabetes mellitus 3,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] . These biomarkers are of great importance in the diagnosis and treatment process which leads to better patient care and protection of the patients.…”