Eco-linguistics is a thriving research field which integrates the language-environment nexus in an interdisciplinary array of dimensions. Nevertheless, the linguistic analysis of ecopoetics in Pakistani context is an underexplored domain of inquiry. The present research scrutinises the linguistic pattern of literary environmental text, which employs the poetic register to deal with the subject of the human-nature interface, and the construction of ecocritical framing within its specific context. The poem, The Arrival of Monsoon (1985) by Taufiq Rafat, is selected as it fulfills Buell (1995)'s criteria of 'Environmental Text'. The poem is analysed first in terms of processes and circumstances using Halliday's model of transitivity analysis and then employing Arran Stibbe's concept of ecological framing to unveil its system of meanings. The results demonstrate the foregrounding of material actions and events in the text. The selected poem's text has an explicit emphasis on the existence and characteristics of Nature in comparison to human beings and this is achieved categorically with circumstances of location. These circumstances of location hold significant cultural images and thus help in assigning the text its ecosensitive stance while locating it within a specific cultural context i.e., Pakistan. The dualistic frame of Nature being both invigorating and dominating is manifested in the poem. The study will be significant to emerging writers, teachers and students who want to explore the themes of human-nature interaction in their writings.
The anthropocentric treatment of Nature has exacerbated the environmental abuse and thus has provided a rationale for interdisciplinary research and deliberation of human-nature intersection in different ways. The notion of human connectivity in relation to environmental consciousness is being analyzed in metaphorical and multifaceted manifestations. Often dubbed as atmospheric prose, the environmental narratives, own a significant space in narrating the (un)conscious desires of human beings for reconnecting to nature as well as demonstrate autocratic rule over nature thereby resulting in characters’ ambivalent biophilic tendencies. Ecopsychology, a recent interdisciplinary field of inquiry centers on the belief that for the maintenance of psychological and physical health and sustainable societies, the notion of wholeness can only be achieved in an alliance with nature. Taking insights from the lens of ecopsychology, the current study provides understanding into the ways in which our psychic lives can cultivate a better understanding of biophilia, on one hand, and biophobia on the other hand. The role of Nature and environment as an unconscious healer, in Pakistani atmospheric prose, is an underexplored domain which demands literary investigations. Aamer Hussein, a famous short story writer from Pakistan delineates his artistic creation of atmosphere and characters through experimental atmospheric narratives. Taking Aamer Hussein’s The Swan’s Wife as a sample, the current study provides a window to the relationship between human subjectivity and the ways in which Nature serves as an unconscious domain of self-recognition and fulfillment. The story through the parallel treatment of humans in their complex relationships and Nature in multiple roles in the hands of humans provides some pertinent ecopsychological perspectives. The study offers insights into how self-society-nature nexus is a fruitful connoting mechanism for many psychological rifts of modern society. The study is significant as it shows that our connection with Nature and living in harmony with the natural systems is integral for our own wellbeing. Keywords: Anthropocentric; Biophilia; Biophobia; Environmental consciousness; Ecopsychology
Within the literary realm, the relationship between environmental sensitivity and postcolonial woundedness is an interestingly intersecting perspective. Ecocriticism highlights Nature as a space of sociocultural values where the writer uses his imaginative bend to explore issues related to the environment, such as the maltreatment of the environment by humans and anthropocentric utilization of nature. Taking Aamer Hussein’s collection of short stories, i.e., The Swan’s Wife, as a sample, the current study, in this context, sheds light on how nature/environment and postcolonial understanding can serve as a metaphoric signifier for healing colonial wounds. Through a detailed qualitative content analysis, the paper explains how nature is an engaging mechanism in Aamer Hussein’s selected work that assimilates diasporic imagination with eco-consciousness. The study, thus, initiates a much-needed debate between the role of ecocritical thought and postcolonial consciousness in the Pakistani context.
This paper explores a very contentious and intriguing term that is The American Dream. The terrain or terra firma of opportunity; this is how America is generally esteemed. The dissentients and aficionados of the American Dream stand abreast. For some, the corollary of the pursuance of the American Dream is diddly squat and for the rest it is fructuous. But the Big Bang Theory of the American Dream virtually transcends all geographic boundaries hence it cannot be talked about only concerning America. It is something ecumenical and hence is the dream which can be pursued by every individual living in any part of the world. People are more obsessed with the materialistic interpretation of the dream and consumption which they regard as the main components of happiness (Calder, 1999). This study deals with the unveiling of the true spirit of the American Dream. The researcher explores that the success of an individual rests on how much effort he puts into and the political, individual, and economic independence as asserted by the ideology of the American Dream, is attainable. Keywords: American Dream, Capitalism, Sure Bet, 'Ignis Fatuus', Capitalism, Alternative to Capitalism, Consumerism
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