Background: Pain remains a global public heath priority. Phonophoresis, also known as sonophoresis or ultrasonophoresis, is when an ultrasound is used to maximize the effects of a topical drug. Purpose: The objective of this study was to test, in patients injured in sports or accidents (N = 200), the efficacy of diclofenac potassium (DK) 6%, 4%, and 2% formulated gels with and without phonophoresis in comparison with market available standard diclofenac sodium (DS or DN) gel. Methods: The patients were enrolled after informed consent. By using the lottery method, 100 patients were randomly segregated into five groups without phonophoresis and repeated similarly with phonophoresis at a frequency of 0.8 MHz, an intensity of about 1.5 W/cm2, and at continuous mode (2:1). Group-1 was treated with 6% DK gel, group-2 was treated with 4% DK gel, group-3 was treated with 2% DK gel, group-4 was treated with 4% DS gel and group-5 was given control gel three to four times a week for 4 weeks. The patients were screened by using NPRS and WOMAC scales. They were assessed on the baseline, 4th session, 8th session, 12th session, and 16th session. Results: Significant dose-dependently relief was observed in NPRS (Numeric Pain Rating Scale) and the WOMAC (Western Ontario McMaster Osteo-Arthritis) index for pain in disability and stiffness for each group treated with DK gel compared to DS gel. Phonophoresis increased these benefits significantly when used after topical application of DK gel or DS gel, and the dose-dependent effects of DK gel plus phonophoresis were stronger than the dose-dependent effects of DS gel plus phonophoresis. The faster and profounder relief was due to phonophoresis, which allows more penetration of the DK gel into the skin as compared to the direct application of DK gel in acute, uncomplicated soft tissue injury, such as plantar fasciitis, bursitis stress injuries, and tendinitis. In addition, DK gel with phonophoresis was well tolerated. Thus, in this personalized clinical setting, according to the degree of inflammation or injured-induced pain, disability, and stiffness, DK gel 6% with phonophoresis appeared more effective and thus more recommendable than DS gel 6% alone or DS gel 6% combined to phonophoresis.
To evaluate the effectiveness of brisk walking and stair climbing on cardiopulmonary endurance in university students. Methods: 28 (male=14, female=14) young healthy adults were recruited for this study. VO2max and BMI, baseline measures were taken before the follow up. Participants in stair climbing group were asked to climb 60 stairs (height= 15cm each step) comprises of three flights per bout and a total of 180 stairs per session; three days a week, for a total of 12 training sessions over 4 weeks. In group B participants were asked to walk briskly for least 20 min a day, 3 times a week, for a total of 12 sessions for four weeks. VO2max and BMI measures were taken after the follow up.Results: Out of a sample of 28 participants, In Group A (Stair Climbing) the age of participants was (21.86 ±1.45 years, BMI pre was 21.96±3.31 kg/m2, which decreased to BMI post was 21.93±3.29 kg/m2, VO2 max pre was 42.45±4.57 (mL.kg-1.min-1) and VO2 max post was increased to 46.07±4.51; mean ± SD). In Group B (Brisk Walking) the age of participants was (22.92±1.85 years, BMI pre was 22.03±2.75 kg/m2, BMI post was 21.53±1.93 kg/m2, VO2 max pre was 42.07±3.52 (mL.kg-1.min-1) and VO2 max post was increased to 43.84±3.36; mean ± SD). Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that stair climbing can improve cardiopulmonary endurance in young healthy university students as compared to the brisk walking.
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