the lowest economic strata of illicit drug users an indigenous mushroom, psilocybinsemilanceata(the Liberty cap), found in large quantities in the autumn, is now frequently ingested on account of its hallu cinogenic properties. The ingestion of between 20-30 mushrooms istheusualnumber required fora ‘¿ trip' lasting 4-6 hours. The active principles, psiocybin and psilocin (4 hydroxy-tryptamine derivatives), induce subjective sensations similar to those of LSD. Another common mushroom panaeolus foenisecii, regarded as a ‘¿ latent psiocybin' as hallucinogens are not always present, has caused euphoria, excitement and hallucinations of colour and speed of movements (Cooles, 1980).
To evaluate the effectiveness of brisk walking and stair climbing on cardiopulmonary endurance in university students. Methods: 28 (male=14, female=14) young healthy adults were recruited for this study. VO2max and BMI, baseline measures were taken before the follow up. Participants in stair climbing group were asked to climb 60 stairs (height= 15cm each step) comprises of three flights per bout and a total of 180 stairs per session; three days a week, for a total of 12 training sessions over 4 weeks. In group B participants were asked to walk briskly for least 20 min a day, 3 times a week, for a total of 12 sessions for four weeks. VO2max and BMI measures were taken after the follow up.Results: Out of a sample of 28 participants, In Group A (Stair Climbing) the age of participants was (21.86 ±1.45 years, BMI pre was 21.96±3.31 kg/m2, which decreased to BMI post was 21.93±3.29 kg/m2, VO2 max pre was 42.45±4.57 (mL.kg-1.min-1) and VO2 max post was increased to 46.07±4.51; mean ± SD). In Group B (Brisk Walking) the age of participants was (22.92±1.85 years, BMI pre was 22.03±2.75 kg/m2, BMI post was 21.53±1.93 kg/m2, VO2 max pre was 42.07±3.52 (mL.kg-1.min-1) and VO2 max post was increased to 43.84±3.36; mean ± SD). Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that stair climbing can improve cardiopulmonary endurance in young healthy university students as compared to the brisk walking.
Seated Medicine Ball Throw (SMBT)test at 45 degrees throw angle is used to measure the Upper body power. Measurement of grip strength, is an important component in body strength evaluation and can provide us with a quick assessment of an individual’s upper limb strength. Objective To assess the relationship between handgrip strength and upper body power among physiotherapy students via Digital Handgrip Dynamometer and Seated Medicine Ball throw test respectively. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Shalamar School of Allied Health Sciences, Lahore. This study recruited 45 participants of both gender, age between 18 to 24 years. Peak grip strength of both hands was taken using digital handheld dynamometer in kg. Seated Medicine Ball Throw, also called the medicine ball chest pass was performed by the participants using 2 kg medicine ball. SPSS was used to calculate the correlation of all variables. When the ball is released at 45 degrees, this study found a high association between handgrip strength and Seated Medicine Ball throw distance. SMBT has a mean of 149.7837.14, Right Handgrip Strength has a mean of 21.26kg5.3, and Left Handgrip Strength has a mean of 20.53kg4.69. Results: Grip strength left (r=.0.899) and right (r=.871) were found to have a significant link with Seated Medicine Ball throw (SMBT) performance in Pearson product-moment analysis. The dependent variable, SMBT, and the independent variables, HGS and Height, had a strong positive linear association (r=0.908). Conclusion: A higher Handgrip strength leads to a longer Throw distance, implying that a stronger Handgrip signifies a stronger Upper body.
Grip strength play an important part in measuring strength of upper limb. Certain factors influence the hand grip strength like body stance of the members during the test, position of body and different parts like elbow, lower arm, shoulder and wrist, age and gender, nutritional status, hand outline and appendage length. Objectives: Determine effects of different testing postures (standing, sitting, supine, side lying and prone) on hand grip strength. Methods: A Cross-Sectional study was carried out at Shalamar School of Allied Health Sciences Lahore. This study recruited 45 participants of both gender, age between 18 to 24 years. Hand grip strength of dominant hand is measured in different testing postures (standing, sitting, supine, side lying and prone) by using hand held dynamometer. Correlation of all variables calculated through SPSS. Result:This study showed that hand grip strength was higher in standing position (36.60±10.79) and lower in prone position (27.52±8.01).Hand grip strength in sitting and supine position in males and females showed significant difference with standing position and non significant difference with prone position while hand grip strength in prone showed non significant difference with standing, sitting and supine position and significant difference with side lying position. Conclusion: This study concludes that hand grip strength was higher in standing, sitting, and supine position respectively and lower in side lying and prone position.
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