Objectives: With the rise in the number of published papers in the biomedical field, plagiarism has become a major ethical concern as it has a direct effect on the quality of these papers. The objective of this research was to determine the perceptions of medical students towards plagiarism, the reasons students engage in plagiarism, the types of plagiarism, the consequences of plagiarism, and solutions to the problem of plagiarism. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in two medical colleges in Rawalpindi, Pakistan from June to September, 2018, using self-administered structured questionnaires. Results: Of the 1100 participants, up to 86.91% (n=956) were not aware of the existence of plagiarism, but the majority, i.e. 71.18% (n=783) have plagiarised the work of others before. Copying from colleagues or senior students is the most common type of plagiarism that medical students engage in owing to the ease with which fellow students’ work can be shared and copied. However, a lack of institutional awareness of the extent to which plagiarism exists, poor vigilance in detecting it, and the absence of clear policies to deal with plagiarism are mostly to blame. Conclusion: Plagiarism is common among medical students in developing countries, and it is necessary to create awareness about the consequences of engaging in this unethical practice both in the academic field and in the larger medical research society, in order to reduce its prevalence. How to cite this:Javaeed A, Khan AS, Khan SH, Ghauri SK. Perceptions of plagiarism among undergraduate medical students in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.33 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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ABSTRACT… Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in HbA1c on repetition over a span of about two weeks. Period: June 2015 to May 2016. Setting: Department of pathology, Continental Medical College Lahore, attached with Ch. Rehmat Ali Memorial Trust Teaching Hospital. Method: A total of 60 newly diagnosed or with no apparent diabetic complications were included in this study. Venous blood repeated samples were obtained for evaluation of HbA1c. Results: The result of our study show that in 65% of patients the repeated values were lower than the initial values, 25% were higher and 10% were below the diagnostic threshold. So it is indicated that HbA1c values vary over a span of time and repeated tests values should be considered for borderline patients. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that values of HbA1c do differ on retest. Therefore, physicians should understand and not be confused with a little bit variations in values. It is recommended to repeat the test for newly diagnosed and borderline value patients to reach a final conclusion about diagnosis. It is also recommended that a separate study should be conducted to evaluate the cause/mechanism behind variations in HbA1c over a short period of time in our settings. Key words:Type-2 diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Glucose tolerance test, HbA1c level Article Citation: Sultan J, Khan SH, Subhani R, Javaeed A, Ghauri SK. Diabetes; diagnosis using HbA1c and its variations among type-2 individuals on repetition over a short span of time-a research study.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in HbA1con repetition over a span of about two weeks. Period: June 2015 to May 2016. Setting:Department of pathology, Continental Medical College Lahore, attached with Ch. Rehmat AliMemorial Trust Teaching Hospital. Method: A total of 60 newly diagnosed or with no apparentdiabetic complications were included in this study. Venous blood repeated samples wereobtained for evaluation of HbA1c. Results: The result of our study show that in 65% of patientsthe repeated values were lower than the initial values, 25% were higher and 10% were below thediagnostic threshold. So it is indicated that HbA1c values vary over a span of time and repeatedtests values should be considered for borderline patients. Conclusion: It is concluded from thisstudy that values of HbA1c do differ on retest. Therefore, physicians should understand and notbe confused with a little bit variations in values. It is recommended to repeat the test for newlydiagnosed and borderline value patients to reach a final conclusion about diagnosis. It is alsorecommended that a separate study should be conducted to evaluate the cause/mechanismbehind variations in HbA1c over a short period of time in our settings.

Method: A total of 70 infertile men were included in this study. Semen samples for semen analysis and serum for hormonal analysis were obtained and further tests were performed. Results: The results of our study show that 28.57% were Normospermic, 18.56% were azoospermic and 52.85% were Oligospermic. In Oligospermic and azoospermic patients significant low levels of testosterone and prolactin were noticed. The results indicate that along with semen parameters hormonal levels should also be assessed to diagnose the underlying cause of infertility. Conclusion: It is concluded from our study that both quality of semen and hormonal levels cause infertility in men. Therefore the patients should be properly investigated and should be treated accordingly to the underlying abnormality. This is a regional study and further studies should be conducted to have a conclusive evidence at national level.

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