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Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the level of traceelements Zinc, Cadmium and lead in seminal plasma and serum of infertile men to the fertileones. Period: June 2014 to August 2015. Setting: Pathology Department of Continental MedicalLahore, attached with Ch. Rehmat Ali Memorial Trust teaching Hospital Methods: A total of 400samples of workers working in different factories for a period of 5 or more years were collected.Out of theses 80 were azoospermic. The relationship of trace elements in serum and seminalplasma of infertile men was compared with the normospermic individual controls. Results: Theconcentration of trace elements Pb and Cd was higher in seminal plasma and serum of infertileindividuals while Zn level was lower. So it is suggested that high levels of Pb and Cd may affectthe fertility and Zn is a crucial element for sperms and fertility in men.

Objective: The objective of this study was to study the semen parameters and its relation to hormonal status in infertile men. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: March 2015 to April 2017. Setting: Jinnah Hospital Fertility Centre; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lahore. Method: A total of 70 infertile men were included in this study. Semen samples for semen analysis and serum for hormonal analysis were obtained and further tests were performed. Results: The results of our study show that 28.57% were Normospermic, 18.56% were azoospermic and 52.85% were Oligospermic. In Oligospermic and azoospermic patients significant low levels of testosterone and prolactin were noticed. The results indicate that along with semen parameters hormonal levels should also be assessed to diagnose the underlying cause of infertility. Conclusion: It is concluded from our study that both quality of semen and hormonal levels cause infertility in men. Therefore the patients should be properly investigated and should be treated accordingly to the underlying abnormality. This is a regional study and further studies should be conducted to have a conclusive evidence at national level.

ABSTRACT… Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in HbA1c on repetition over a span of about two weeks. Period: June 2015 to May 2016. Setting: Department of pathology, Continental Medical College Lahore, attached with Ch. Rehmat Ali Memorial Trust Teaching Hospital. Method: A total of 60 newly diagnosed or with no apparent diabetic complications were included in this study. Venous blood repeated samples were obtained for evaluation of HbA1c. Results: The result of our study show that in 65% of patients the repeated values were lower than the initial values, 25% were higher and 10% were below the diagnostic threshold. So it is indicated that HbA1c values vary over a span of time and repeated tests values should be considered for borderline patients. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that values of HbA1c do differ on retest. Therefore, physicians should understand and not be confused with a little bit variations in values. It is recommended to repeat the test for newly diagnosed and borderline value patients to reach a final conclusion about diagnosis. It is also recommended that a separate study should be conducted to evaluate the cause/mechanism behind variations in HbA1c over a short period of time in our settings. Key words:Type-2 diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Glucose tolerance test, HbA1c level Article Citation: Sultan J, Khan SH, Subhani R, Javaeed A, Ghauri SK. Diabetes; diagnosis using HbA1c and its variations among type-2 individuals on repetition over a short span of time-a research study.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in HbA1con repetition over a span of about two weeks. Period: June 2015 to May 2016. Setting:Department of pathology, Continental Medical College Lahore, attached with Ch. Rehmat AliMemorial Trust Teaching Hospital. Method: A total of 60 newly diagnosed or with no apparentdiabetic complications were included in this study. Venous blood repeated samples wereobtained for evaluation of HbA1c. Results: The result of our study show that in 65% of patientsthe repeated values were lower than the initial values, 25% were higher and 10% were below thediagnostic threshold. So it is indicated that HbA1c values vary over a span of time and repeatedtests values should be considered for borderline patients. Conclusion: It is concluded from thisstudy that values of HbA1c do differ on retest. Therefore, physicians should understand and notbe confused with a little bit variations in values. It is recommended to repeat the test for newlydiagnosed and borderline value patients to reach a final conclusion about diagnosis. It is alsorecommended that a separate study should be conducted to evaluate the cause/mechanismbehind variations in HbA1c over a short period of time in our settings.

Objectives: Reports from many parts of the world suggest that chemical andphysical agents in the environment, introduced and spread by human activity may affect fertilityin men. The objective of this article is to highlight the environmental factors and their associationto male sperm quality and count as well. Materials and Methods: This study focusing onexposure to environmental factors affecting the semen quality of the workers working in differentfactories for a period of 5 to 7 years in Lahore. Results: The results from this study suggest thatthere are many environmental factors which may affect semen quality and sperm count. It isnecessary to prevent parental exposure to the agents associated with those hazards.

Objective: The aim of this study to determine the levels of Total triiodothyronine (T3) in patients with first episode ofEndogenous depression (prior to medical treatment) and in matched controls. Setting: Punjab Institute of Mental Health. Period: BetweenJan. and Dec.2011. Material & Methods: 100 newly diagnosed depressive patients in the age range of 18-65 years were included in thestudy. 60 healthy controls were taken from dermatological clinic. Total triiodothyronine (T3) was estimated using enzyme - immunoassay. The results obtained were analyzed using Statistical package of social sciences, Version 7.0 (SPSS 7.0). Results: No significantdifference in levels of Total triiodothyronine (T3) was found in depressive patients and control. Conclusions: Lower levels of T3 indepressive patients could lead to subclinical hypothyroidism and refractiveness. Therefore, thyroid profile in refractive patients issuggested.