Direct pulp-capping is a treatment for exposed vital pulp involving the placement of a dental material over the exposed area to facilitate both the formation of protective barrier and the maintenance of vital pulp. Direct pulp capping has been used as an alternative approach to the maintenance of vital pulp so that many tooth extractions and root canal treatments could have been avoided through the conservative approach of direct pulp capping. For this purpose different kinds of materials used such as Zinc Oxide Eugenol, Glass Ionomer (GI), Resin Modified Glass Ionomer (RMGI), Adhesive systems, Calcium Hydroxide, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Bio dentine. The MTA clinically performed more effective than conventional Calcium Hydroxide liner as a direct pulp capping material, showed higher success rate than dycal. MTA easier to use clinically as a direct pulp capping material. MTA provided better long term results more effective than Calcium Hydroxide in maintaining long-term vitality. MAT significantly less toxic, less pulpal inflammations. MTA more predictable than dycal in formation of dentin barrier and superior than Calcium Hydroxide in dentinogenetic process in human pulp. MTA is more effective and superior comparing the Calcium Hydroxide as a direct pulp capping material, showed higher success rate with favorable outcomes in maintaining long term tooth vitality and easier to use in pulp capping. MTA is less toxic, less pulpal inflammation capping compared to Calcium Hydroxide. MTA superior and in dentinogenic process and more predictable hard tissue barrier formation.This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License OJDOH.MS.ID.000508.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development is the best approach to fight the disease. However, rising vaccine hesitancy can make widespread vaccine application difficult. Objectives: To explore health care workers' attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine and find the reasons lying behind vaccine hesitancy among participants. Methods: Our study was a cross-sectional survey. An anonymous online questionnaire was sent to a sample of health care workers living and working in the Middle East region. Data collected included demographic data, educational attainment, household crowding, risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection, influenza vaccination history, and questions about COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Results: We received 864 validated responses. The study included 365 physicians, 391 nurses, and 108 allied professions. Females represented 61% of participants and 98.5% of participants were below 65 years old. Around 60% of participants were hesitant to get the COVID-19 vaccine. The commonest reasons for hesitancy were lack of information and fear of side effects. Vaccine acceptance was higher among males (p< 0.001), physicians (p= 0.017), participants with medical risk factors (p= 0.017), and participants vaccinated against influenza (p< 0.001). After control for other factors, male (OR, 1.94; CI 1.42-2.66), married participant (OR, 1.89; CI 1.22-2.92), living in a less crowded accommodation (OR, 1.33; CI 1.11-1.59), and who got influenza vaccine (OR, 1.64; CI 1.13-2.37) tended to accept the COVID-19 vaccine more likely. Conclusion: Rates of vaccine hesitancy among health care workers were high. The current pandemic offers an opportunity to establish better vaccine confidence towards the COVID-19 vaccine and vaccines in general.

HighlightsShedding light on the aggressive nature and rare incidence of Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy (MNTI).Detailing different clinical and radiographic features of MNTI.Outlining the management of MNTI and postoperative follow-up regimen.Emphasising the importance of early diagnosis and surgical intervention in Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy.

Introduction: The strategy of utilizing primary medical care to promote oral health is particularly necessary and especially through infant oral health measures (IOH). Pediatricians and family physicians were knowledgeable about some aspects of ECC and infant oral health but were uncertainly identifying dental caries and the early signs of ECC. The majority of physicians reported that they play an important role and are involved in promoting the oral health of children in their practices. Aim: This cross-sectional study was designed to assess baseline knowledge of infant oral health IOH among healthcare professionals. Design: An online self-reported cross-sectional survey was designed to assess awareness about IOH. A total number of 449 healthcare professionals (dentists, physicians, nurses and dental assistances), working in facilities dealing with infant health responded to the survey in various countries. The survey was consisting of 12 questions regarding IOH. A score of 70% or more was considered as a “pass” score based. Results: Descriptive and analytic statistics were performed for all groups and subgroups based on their responses which reflect their awareness of IOH. Around 53% of health professionals (n= 242) were able to achieve pass scores, while 47% of health professionals (n=207) did not achieve it. Regarding demographic and occupational characteristics there was a significant difference in pass rate about age (p< 0.001) being lower in the age group below 30 years. We also found a significant difference in pass rate in relation to gender and type of job (p< 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in relation to the duration of the experience (p> 0.05). Conclusion: There is a need for continuous education and training programs on updated oral health measures for all healthcare providers. This study calls for further research to evaluate the role of various factors involved in IOH care and to effectively educate all healthcare providers.

Many studies have explained temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds in children are frequent with TMJ disorder. In addition to multiple divergent findings are designed to evaluate the relationship between bruxism and TMJ disorder in children. Aim: study was designed and conducted to assess the possible relationship between bruxism and joint sounds in schoolchildren. Subjects and Methods: The sample comprised 60 schoolchildren participants between 6 to 10 years of age, of whom 30 children with bruxism as study group G1 and another 30 without bruxism as a control group G2 who were scheduled and randomly selected for treatment at (Outpatient Dental Clinics, Zagazig University Hospital). Examiner performed assessment who was blinded allocation of the groups. Assessment involved of (manual palpation, lateral and dorsal extra-auricular auscultation of TMJ by stethoscope for detecting of joint sounds, differentiating between joint sounds as a click/pop or crepitation) Three readings were performed on each participant. Collected data were checked, entered and statistically analyzed to test different variables by chi-square test with the level of significance (p< 0.05). Results: There were statistically significant association between joint sounds with regarding to bruxism and age, which showed the higher prevalence rates of joint sounds were found in children aged eight to ten years in comparison to those aged sex and seven years. However, there were statistically insignificant association between joints sounds and type in relation to gender. Conclusion: The bruxism in children may be associated with the symptoms of joint sounds with significant association regarding to age. Keywords: Bruxism; Temporomandibular Joint; Child; bruxism; TMJ sound

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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds in children are frequent with TMJ disorder. In addition to many different findings are designed to assess the relationship between ear pain and TMJ sound with bruxism in children. Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the possible relationship between ear pain and joint sound with bruxism in children. Subjects and Methods: The sample comprised 60 schoolchildren participants between 6 to 10 years of age, of whom 30 children with bruxism as study group G1 and another 30 without bruxism as a control group G2 who were scheduled and randomly selected for this study. Examiner performed assessment who was blinded allocation of the groups. Three readings were performed on each participant. The assessment involved (manual palpation, lateral and dorsal extra-auricular auscultation of TMJ by stethoscope for detecting joint sounds, differentiating between joint sounds) Collected data were checked, entered, and statistically analyzed to test different variables by chi-square test with the level of significance (p< 0.05). Results: There was a statistically significant association between joint sounds regarding bruxism and age, which showed that higher prevalence rates of joint sounds were found in children aged eight to ten years in comparison to those aged six and seven years. However, there was a statistically insignificant association between joint sounds and type in relation to gender and ear pain. Conclusion: The bruxism in children may be associated with the symptoms of joint sounds with the significant association regarding age but insignificant with ear pain.

Objective: Evaluate the changes in the mandibular condyle volume and shape in growing Class II malocclusion patients, following the use of fixed functional Class II appliances (Forsus and Advacsync II). CBCT images were used to help understand which appliance might cause more changes. Methods: Twenty growing adolescent patients were randomly allocated to Two groups (Forsus and Advancesync II). A total of fourty CBCT images were taken pre- and posttreatment. The pre- and posttreatment CBCT images were segmented using a newly developed and validated semiautomatic condylar segmentation technique. and the quantitative assessment of the mean distance differences of the condyle surfaces was de using Iterative Closest Point technique. Results: A statistically significant increase in condylar volume was observed in both groups (Forsus and Advancesync II) and no significant differences in the magnitude of condylar volumes between both groups were found. There were no statistically significant changes in the mean distance differences of the condyles shape in both groups.Both groups (Forsus and Advancesync II) expressed different patterns of shape changes with no clear pattern associated with the treatment groups.