International audienceA molecular key for the identification of common Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species found in agricultural settings around the Mediterranean is developed based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal cistron. Using the size of the ITS2 PCR product and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the amplicon, ten Trichogramma species (T. bourarachae Pintureau and Babault, T. brassicae Bezdenko, T. cacoeciae Marchal/T. embryophagum Hartig, T. cordubensis Vargas and Cabello, T. dendrolimi Matsumura, T. euproctidis Girault, T. evanescens Westwood, T. nerudai Pintureau and Gerding, T. oleae Voegelé and Pointel, and T. pintoi Voegelé) can be distinguished
Essential oil vapors obtained by the hydrodistillation of Prangos ferulacea (Umbelliferae) were tested on the different stages of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and egg parasitoid Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Extracts of the volatile fractions from P. ferulacea were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major compound of the essential oil was detected as 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (66.59%) and the minor compound was heneicosane (0.02%). The third instar larvae of E. kuehniella (LC 50 : 379.662 µL L -1 air and LC 99 : 538.755 µL L -1 air) and the pupal stage of T. embryophagum (LC 50 : 5.947 µL L -1 air and LC 99 : 19.568 µL L -1 air) were found to be the most tolerant stages. The essential oil was toxic to the adult stages of both the pest and its parasitoid with 100% mortality obtained after 24 h at 1.0 and 0.25 µL L -1 air, respectively. The LC 50 and LC 99 values of the essential oil against the egg stages of E. kuehniella and T. embryophagum were 320.372-486.839 µL L -1 air and 2.121-5.662 µL L -1 air, respectively. In general, the mortality rate increased with the increasing concentration of essential oil. The results of the study indicated that essential oil of P. ferulacea should be used as a control agent against E. kuehniella for an integrated pest management program.
Two egg parasitoid wasps, Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) and Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were identified in the study. The taxonomy of these wasps is problematic because of their small size and lack of distinguishable morphological characters. The DNA sequence variation from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was analyzed from these two Trichogramma species. This technique provides quick, simple and reliable molecular identification of Trichogramma species
This study was carried out to determine the efficacy of different applications of a biopesticide for reduction of aflatoxin contamination in peanut. The biopesticide, afla-guard, delivers a nontoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to the field where it competes with naturally occurring toxigenic fungus. Biocontrol treatments included: (ı) soil application during sowing, (ıı) multiple application during sowing and 40 days after planting, (ııı) foliar application at 60 days after planting (ıv) control (untreated plots). Biopesiticide was applied to peanut plots in 2015 and 2016 in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Peanuts were collected from control and treated plots at harvest-drying-pre-storage periods and analysed for aflatoxins. Aflatoxin concentrations were generally quite low in 2015, also the aflatoxin concentration in treated samples (from 0.04 to 0.71 µg/kg) was reduced by 97.38 to 99.82% compared with controls (from 21.84 to 27.12 µg/kg). In 2016, reductions were also noted for all biocontrol treatments (from 89.07 to 92.39%) compared with controls. In conjunction with the reductions in aflatoxin contamination, biocontrol treatments produced significant reductions with biopesticide in peanut. Therefore, it can be said that a biological control method is a promising approach for controlling aflatoxin.
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