ÖZETEgzersiz ve kas doku hasarı birçok bilim dalının ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu alanda özellikle uluslar arası literatürde oldukça fazla çalışma yapılmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili çalışmaların derlenip genel yargıların ortaya konması önem taşımaktadır.Egzersizle oluşan doku hasarı literatürde yaygın olarak kas hasarı (muscle damage) terimiyle ifade edilmektedir. Bu hasar genel olarak iki yolla tespit edilmektedir. Birincisi görüntüleme teknikleri, ikincisi ise kasa özel enzim aktivitelerinin plazmadaki oranlarının takip edilmesidir.Egzersizle oluşan kas hasarı temel olarak iki yolla açıklanmaktadır. Birincisi alışık olunmayan egzersiz, ikincisi ise doku zedelenmesiyle ortaya çıkan bazı metabolik ve kimyasal olaylardır. Kas hasarı özellikle miyofibrillerin Z bandındaki kopmalardan kaynaklanan yapısal bozulma sonucu meydana gelmektedir. Kas lif tiplerinin Z bandı kalınlıklarının farklı olması, aynı egzersizin farklı lif tiplerinde farklı miktarlarda hasar meydana getirmesinin bir açıklaması olabilir.Maraton, ultra maraton gibi uzun süre efor gerektiren spor disiplinlerinde iskelet kası hasarının yanında kalp kasında da infarktüse benzer hasar meydana gelmektedir. Bunun yanında hasarın miktarı yaş, cinsiyet, ırk, kasılma çeşidi ve özellikle antrenman durumuna göre farklılıklar göstermektedir.Egzersizle oluşan kas hasarını azaltmak için çeşitli farmakolojik ajanlar kullanılabileceği gibi egzersiz öncesi ısınma ve germe hareketleri, egzersiz sonrası ise aktif soğuma ve masaj uygulamaları hasarı azaltabilmekte ve tedavi edici nitelik taşımaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz, Kas hasarı EXERCISE INDUCED SKELETAL MUSCLE AND MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE ABSTRACTExercise and muscle tissue damage concerns many science branches.On this subject there have been lots of studies especially in the international literature. İt is important to expose the general assumptions arranging studies on this subject. Exercise induced tissue damage is generally called as muscle damage. This damage is mainly diagnosed in two ways. The first way is the visualization methods, the other one is the observing the rates of enzyme activities exclusive to the muscle in the plasma. Exercise induced muscle damage is expressed in two ways. The first one is unaccustomed exercise, the second one is metabolic and chemical cases based upon tissue damage. Muscle damage is basicly caused by structural deformation resulted from breaking off of myofibrils in Z lines. That the thickness of the Z line of the muscle fibre types is various can be the cause of the different levels of damages in different fiber types when exposed to the same exercise.In endurence exercises such as marathon, ultra marathon, damages like myocardial infarction as well as skeletal muscle damage can be seen. Meanwhile the level of the damage can differ in relation with the age, race, sex, the type of contraction and the training condition.In order to reduce exercise induced muscle damage, various pharmacologic agents can be used. On the other hand preexercise warm up and streching activities, and post-exe...
This study aims to examine the effects of changing rules of wrestling competitions on the elite wrestlers' muscular damage levels. Twenty male wrestlers from the wrestling team established by the Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, which competes in the 1st Wrestling League, volunteered to take part in the research. The age average of the wrestlers was 20.4±2.8 years, their average age of sports 7.45±4.29 years, their height average 173,8 ±4,97 cm, and weight average 77.4 ±16.22 kg. Some blood samples of 5 cc each were taken from each wrestler's forearm vein by means of the vacutainer (a closed blood taking system) for the two competitions separately before and after the competitions; and on 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours following the competitions in the research. For looking at the levels of Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), serums were obtained by centrifuging the blood samples those taken to determine the levels of the skeletal muscle damages of the wrestlers at 1000 RPM for 20 minutes. The enzyme levels of the blood samples (the serum of which was decomposed) were determined by the SIEMENS ADVIA biochemistry auto-analyzer using the SIEMENS kit. While the repetitive measurements were assessed via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Bonferroni testing was applied in order to determine from which measurement times the differences were originated. The Paired Samples-t testing, meanwhile, was performed in order to compare the blood samples collected from the athletes at same times for the both completed competitions having different rules. No significant difference was observed between AST and ALT values on the aminotransferase of the wrestlers according to two different rules (p˃0.05). Whereas significant differences were confirmed between the values of 48 hours after and 72 hours after the competition for the LDH values (p<0.05), no significant difference, on the other hand, were detected between other values (p˃0.05). Although significant differences were observed between the results obtained following competition and 72 hours after the competition for the CK values (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between other values (p˃0.05). Consequently, it was observed that when the wrestlers took part in two-day wrestling competitions, the basal values were reached 72nd hour after the competition, and no muscle damage remained, whereas when they took part in half-day wrestling competitions it was confirmed at the end of the 72nd hour that the LDH and CK levels of the wrestlers couldn't come close to the basal and the muscle damage was present (p<0.05).
The aim of the study is to compare the sport motives of individuals participating sport in two different groups. 300 volunteers are the participants of the study. Along with the personal information form, Sport Participation Motivation Scale which was developed by Gill et al., (1983) validity and reliability of which was checked for Turkish population by Oyar et al., (2001) and were used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that sport participation motives do not vary according to gender. In addition it was revealed that students of sport high school are more motivated than members of sport centers. Among students of sport high school, certificated sportspeople are more motivated compared to non-certificated sportspeople, individuals doing team and individual sports are more motivated than non-competitive sportspeople and younger students are more motivated than older ones. Among the members of sport center no difference and relation were found between the ages of the sportspeople and their status of owning certificate or not. Furthermore, sport center members doing team and individual sports were seen to be more motivated than non-competitive sportspeople in terms of the dimensions, namely friends, achievement/ status and physical fitness/energy consumption.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetFarklı iki grupta spora katılım gösteren bireylerin spor yapma güdülerinin karşılaştırılması bu araştırmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma grubu 300 gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ile birlikte, Gill ve ark., (1983) tarafından geliştirilen Türk popülâsyonu için Oyar ve ark., (2001) tarafından geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan Spora Katılım Güdüsü Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda cinsiyete göre spora katılım güdülerinin farklılaşmadığı belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak spor lisesi öğrencilerinin spor merkezi üyelerinden daha fazla güdülendiği belirlenmiştir. Spor lisesi öğrencilerinden; lisanslı sporcuların lisanslı olmayan sporculara göre, takım ve bireysel sporlarla uğraşanların aktif sporcu olmayanlara göre ve daha genç yaşta olan öğrencilerin diğerlerine göre daha fazla güdülendikleri belirlenmiştir. Spor merkezi üyeleri arasında ise; farklı yaş grupları ve lisanslı sporcular ile lisanslı olmayan sporcular arasında ilişki ve farklılıklar bulunmamıştır. Bununla birlikte spor merkezi üyeleri arasında, takım ve bireysel sporlarla uğraşanların aktif spor yapmayanlara göre özellikle arkadaş, başarı/statü ve fiziksel uygunluk/enerji harcama boyutlarında daha fazla güdülendikleri ortaya konulmuştur.
The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate chronic effects of plyometric training on haematological parameters of the Turkish National Alpine Ski Team athletes during 12-week preparation period. In the study, 12 sportsmen volunteers participated whose mean age was 17.50 years. Participants performed 12-week plyometric training protocol. The training programme was applied for 12 weeks and 5 days a week in total 60 training unit. As the programme proceeded, the intensity and content of training increased. Blood samples were taken before and after the training programme. The red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), granulocyte (GR), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) measurement were analysed on blood samples with automatic haematological analyser (Toshiba Accute PPS TBA-40FR). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used in order to compare statistical values of before and after exercise and significance level α was set at 0.05. Before and after training programme, values were compared for RBC, WBC, GR, MCV, MCH, MCHC and no significant changes have been observed for these values. However, there was significant (p>0.05) increase in HCT and HGB values. We concluded that as a result of the study, 12-week plyometric training programme increased the RBCs and HGB levels and as a result improved oxygen carriage capacity of the Turkish National Alpine Ski Team athletes.
The aim of this study is to examine the aggressiveness of the students who are studying at the Faculty of Education and the School of Physical Education and Sports. In this research, which adopted the quantitative research model, the relational search pattern was used. In this context, a total of 213 people, 104 female and 109 male, participated in the survey. The "Buss Perry Aggression Scale" was adapted by Can (5) to determine the level of aggression of participants in the study. SPSS 20 program was used in the analysis of the data. In the analysis of the data, T test was used to examine the difference between two independent variables and aggression attitudes. Pearson corelation was used to test the relationship between variables. According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between the aggressiveness levels of the individuals and gender and type of sport that they made. It was seen that there was no meaningful relationship between age, the part of education, whether or not doing sports, the frequency of doing sports and the duration of sports. It has been determined that male individuals are higher in physical aggression subscale than female individuals. When the relationship between the department where they are educated and the aggressiveness is examined, it is determined that the students who are studying at the Physical Education and Sports are higher than the students who are educated at the 492 Faculty of Education in the physical aggression sub-dimension. It is determined that the students who play sports are higher than the students who play sports in all sub dimensions of sports students. As a result; the fact that aggression behaviors differ according to various variables, but the fact that there is not a statistically significant difference between participants who do sports and those who do not, is quite striking in contradiction with various theories in the field.
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