PurposeTo investigate the suitability of multi-scale spatial information in 30o visual fields (VF), computed from a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier, for early-glaucoma vs. control discrimination.MethodTwo data sets of VFs acquired with the OCTOPUS 101 G1 program and the Humphrey Field Analyzer 24–2 pattern were subdivided into control and early-glaucomatous groups, and converted into a new image using a novel voronoi representation to train a custom-designed CNN so to discriminate between control and early-glaucomatous eyes. Saliency maps that highlight what regions of the VF are contributing maximally to the classification decision were computed to provide classification justification. Model fitting was cross-validated and average precision (AP) score performances were computed for our method, Mean Defect (MD), square-root of Loss Variance (sLV), their combination (MD+sLV), and a Neural Network (NN) that does not use convolutional features.ResultsCNN achieved the best AP score (0.874±0.095) across all test folds for one data set compared to others (MD = 0.869±0.064, sLV = 0.775±0.137, MD+sLV = 0.839±0.085, NN = 0.843±0.089) and the third best AP score (0.986 ±0.019) on the other one with slight difference from the other methods (MD = 0.986±0.023, sLV = 0.992±0.016, MD+sLV = 0.987±0.017, NN = 0.985±0.017). In general, CNN consistently led to high AP across different data sets. Qualitatively, computed saliency maps appeared to provide clinically relevant information on the CNN decision for individual VFs.ConclusionThe proposed CNN offers high classification performance for the discrimination of control and early-glaucoma VFs when compared with standard clinical decision measures. The CNN classification, aided by saliency visualization, may support clinicians in the automatic discrimination of early-glaucomatous and normal VFs.

Purpose Clinically evaluate the noninferiority of a custom virtual reality (VR) perimetry system when compared to a clinically and routinely used perimeter on both healthy subjects and glaucoma patients. Methods We use a custom-designed VR perimetry system tailored for visual field testing. The system uses Oculus Quest VR headset (Facebook Technologies, LLC, Bern, Switzerland), that includes a clicker for participant response feedback. A prospective, single center, study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Bern University Hospital (Bern, Switzerland) for 12 months. Of the 114 participants recruited 70 subjects (36 healthy and 34 glaucoma patients with early to moderate visual field loss) were included in the study. Participants underwent perimetry tests on an Octopus 900 (Haag-Streit, Köniz, Switzerland) as well as on the custom VR perimeter. In both cases, standard dynamic strategy (DS) was used in conjunction with the G testing pattern. Collected visual fields (VFs) from both devices were then analyzed and compared. Results High mean defect (MD) correlations between the two systems (Spearman, ρ ≥ 0 . 75) were obtained. The VR system was found to slightly underestimate VF defects in glaucoma subjects (1.4 dB). No significant bias was found with respect to eccentricity or subject age. On average, a similar number of stimuli presentations per VF was necessary when measuring glaucoma patients and healthy subjects. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a clinically used perimeter and the proposed VR perimetry system have comparable performances with respect to a number of perimetry parameters in healthy and glaucoma patients with early to moderate visual field loss. Translational Relevance This suggests that VR perimeters have the potential to assess VFs with high enough confidence, whereby alleviating challenges in current perimetry practices by providing a portable and more accessible visual field test.

Perimetry testing is an automated method to measure visual function and is heavily used for diagnosing ophthalmic and neurological conditions. Its working principle is to sequentially query a subject about perceived light using different brightness levels at different visual field locations. At a given location, this query-patient-feedback process is expected to converge at a perceived sensitivity, such that a shown stimulus intensity is observed and reported 50% of the time. Given this inherently time-intensive and noisy process, fast testing strategies are necessary in order to measure existing regions more effectively and reliably. In this work, we present a novel meta-strategy which relies on the correlative nature of visual field locations in order to strongly reduce the necessary number of locations that need to be examined. To do this, we sequentially determine locations that most effectively reduce visual field estimation errors in an initial training phase. We then exploit these locations at examination time and show that our approach can easily be combined with existing perceived sensitivity estimation schemes to speed up the examinations. Compared to state-of-the-art strategies, our approach shows marked performance gains with a better accuracy-speed trade-off regime for both mixed and sub-populations.

Purpose In recent years, selective retina laser treatment (SRT), a sub-threshold therapy method, avoids widespread damage to all retinal layers by targeting only a few. While these methods facilitate faster healing, their lack of visual feedback during treatment represents a considerable shortcoming as induced lesions remain invisible with conventional imaging and make clinical use challenging. To overcome this, we present a new strategy to provide location-specific and contact-free automatic feedback of SRT laser applications.Methods We leverage time-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) to provide informative feedback to clinicians on outcomes of location-specific treatment. By coupling an OCT system to SRT treatment laser, we visualize structural changes in the retinal layers as they occur via time-resolved depth images. We then propose a novel strategy for automatic assessment of such time-resolved OCT images. To achieve this, we introduce novel image features for this task that when combined with standard machine learning classifiers yield excellent treatment outcome classification capabilities.Results Our approach was evaluated on both ex vivo porcine eyes and human patients in a clinical setting, yielding performances above 95 % accuracy for predicting patient treatment outcomes. In addition, we show that accurate outcomes for human patients can be estimated even when our method is trained using only ex vivo porcine data.Conclusion The proposed technique presents a much needed strategy toward noninvasive, safe, reliable, and repeatable SRT applications. These results are encouraging for the broader use of new treatment options for neovascularization-based retinal pathologies.

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When compared to existing methods, SEP showed improved performances, especially with respect to test speed. Thus, it represents an interesting alternative to existing strategies.

Comparative study between the SORS and dynamic strategy visual field testing methods on glaucomatous and healthy subjects.