Content: Phenolic compounds play an important role in the plant defense mechanism and are responsible for antioxidant capacity in fruits and vegetables. It is known that the phenolics can determine in the leaves of plants which are resistant/susceptible to fungal infections. Objective: This study investigated the total phenolic compounds, content of shikimic acid from 33 different apple cultivars leaves infected with Venturia inaequalis [(Cke). Wint.] cultured in Fruit Research Station, in Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey. Materials and methods: Leaves of apple cultivars were collected three times in an interval of 30 d from July to September in 2010, and analyzed using HPLC methods to detect changes in the amount of the phenolic compounds and shikimic acid. Results: Total phenolic compounds and shikimic acid in resistant/moderate susceptible apple cultivars were higher than susceptible apple cultuvars, although not statistically different between resistant and susceptible apples. The content of shikimic acid was statistically higher only in the leaves of the domestic cultivar Ankara gü zeli on all three dates. Discussion and conclusion: Recently, there have been increased studies trying to explain the resistance mechanism in plants. Natural resistance genes are investigated in some apple cultivars and new resistance varieties which have resistant genes are identified daily. Our study hold to determine the relationship between the phenolic compounds and the expression of resistance seems to be promising.
Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker in tomato F1 hybrids with differing levels of resistance to these pathogens Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) ve Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker'ya karşı farklı seviyelerde dayanıklılık sağlayan domates hibritlerinde bu patojenlerin etkileşimi
Summary
Fusarium subglutinans (Ascomycota: Nectriaceae) is known to have lethal effects on aphid species, while there are limited studies associated with other arthropods. In this study, the effect of different spore concentrations (1×104, 1×106 and 1×108 spores/ml) of F. subglutinans 12A, isolated from Aphis gossypii in Adana-Karataş (Turkey), was investigated on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) females and on 2nd instar nymphs (only 1×106 spores/ml). The application method was by dipping and observations on mortality of females were conducted 24, 48, 72, 96 hours and 7 and 9 days after application. Mycosis was also observed on dead individulas. Mortality of nymphs was recorded during 8 days after application. Higher average dead females were found in the treatments compared to the control, but there was not significant difference between the tested concentrations (Mycosis rate recorded in 1×106 spores/ml was higher than those in 1×104 and 1×108 spores/ml). The highest and lowest mycosis rates were observed on the 7th and 3rd day, respectively. Average number of dead 2nd instar nymphs recorded in 1×106 spores/ml did not differ from control.
Bu çalışmada, 5 farklı entomopatojen fungus izolatına (Beauveria varroe, Metarhizium robertsii, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Fusarium subglutinans 8A ve F. subglutinans 12A) ait saf kültür filtratlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch’nin ergin dişileri üzerinde lethal etkileri belirlenmiştir. Plastik petrilerde (9 cm) yaprak disk yöntemine göre hazırlanmış fasulye yapraklarına (4 cm) 20 yeni ergin birey aktarılmıştır. Her bir entomopatojen fungus izolatına ait saf kültür filtratları püskürtme yöntemiyle (4 bar) 10 sn süre ile ergin bireyleri içeren yaprak disklerin üzerine uygulanmıştır. Gözlemlere uygulamadan 24 saat sonra başlanarak 7. güne kadar devam edilmiştir. Denemeler her bir entomopatojen izolatına ait uygulama dozu için 5 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Kültür filtratları uygulandıktan 24 ve 96 saat sonra T. urticae erginlerinde meydana gelen ölüm oranları arasında fark olmadığı bulunmuştur (P˃ 0.05). Uygulamadan 5 gün sonra ise B. varroe, F. subglutinans 8A, F. subglutinans 12A ve P. lilacinum uygulamaları arasında fark olmadığı ve M. robertsii’nin (%36±3.67) diğer entomopatojen fungus izolatlarından (%59±3.31-66±3.67) istatistiki olarak farklı olduğu saptanmıştır (P˂0.05). Son gözlem zamanı olan 7. günde, B. varroe kültür filtratının T. urticae erginleri üzerinde en yüksek ölüme (%80±3.53) neden olduğu, ayrıca F. subglutinans 12A, F. subglutinans 8A, P. lilacinum ve M. robertsii uygulamalarında belirlenen ölüm yüzdeleri ise sırasıyla %78±7.17, %76±6.00, %73±4.06, %46±2.91 olarak saptanmıştır. Metarhizium robertsii kültür filtratı uygulamasındaki T. urticae erginleri üzerindeki ölüm oranları, diğer entomopatojen fungus kültür filtratı uygulamalarından farklı bulunmuştur (P˂0.05).
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